级配钢纤维活性粉末混凝土的动态拉伸性能的试验研究

采用分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)对直径为70 mm的圆柱体试件的动态拉伸性能进行研究,得到了不同应变率下的混凝土劈裂拉伸强度和拉伸应力-时间曲线,并与静态劈裂拉伸强度进行了对比。根据试验结果,讨论了含不同种类钢纤维的活性粉末混凝土的动态拉伸性能,以及3种钢纤维级配下的钢纤维活性粉末混凝土的动态拉伸性能;总结了级配钢纤维活性粉末混凝土的应变率效应,以及影响钢纤维混凝土动态拉伸性能的因素。     

成像侦察卫星及其对抗技术浅析

成像侦察卫星在现代信息作战中发挥了越来越突出的作用。文章首先分析了成像侦察卫星的分辨率,其获取信息的能力形成了对敌方强大的威胁,具有为决策和制定作战行动计划提供依据和为精确打击目标提供保证的现实军事意义。最后针对成像侦察卫星的可对抗性,提出主动攻击和被动防护两种对抗措施,并对其进行了具体地阐述。     

在用车排放劣化规律研究

利用汽油车稳态加载模拟工况法(ASM)、汽油车简易瞬态工况法(VMAS)、双怠速法和新车排放认证工况法对在用车不同行驶里程下的尾气进行检测,探索在用车排放随实际行驶里程劣化规律。试验结果表明:新车投入运行后的20万km内,随行驶里程的增加有害排放物劣化非常缓慢,且排放量远小于标准限值;在20万km行驶里程后,有害排放物开始缓慢增加;在40万km行驶里程后排放劣化加速。     

低温对纯电动汽车续驶里程的影响分析

纯电动汽车的续驶里程和动力电池的充放电特性密切相关,动力电池的充放电特性与环境温度又密切相关。文章通过试验给出单体电池在不同温度下的充放电特性,从等效计算和实际测试分别对纯电动汽车在室温和-20℃条件下的续驶里程进行分析研究。     

基于比功率分布的排放因子速度修正误差控制研究

高分辨率的排放因子是进行交通能耗排放测算的重要参数,然而,由于数据采集与质量控 制问题,排放因子速度修正曲线常存在异常波动。为提高排放因子速度修正结果的准确性,本文 分别从比功率分布和排放率两个角度分析排放因子敏感性和区间容许误差,建立机动车工况数 据和PEMS排放数据需求量计算模型。敏感性分析结果表明,个别比功率区间分布误差是造成 排放因子速度修正曲线产生异常波动的重要原因;排放率误差会导致排放因子速度修正结果出 现整体性误差。数值模拟计算结果表明,在95%的置信水平下,平均速度在20~120 km·h-1内,控 制快速路CO2排放因子速度修正误差不超过1%：需采集40 min的排放数据,细化至1 kW·t-1 粒度 下各比功率区间数据需求量差异显著;各平均速度下需采集710 min工况数据,相同误差下,80~ 120 km·h-1 内工况数据需求量更低;为进一步消除曲线的异常波动,需大量增加平均速度为64~ 80 km·h-1 范围内的工况数据量。本文的研究结果对工况和排放数据的采集工作有实际指导意 义,可有效克服曲线异常波动问题,提高排放因子结果可靠性,为节能减排工作提供支持。     

Trip generation modeling using data collected in single and repeated cross‐sectional surveys

The majority of US metropolitan regions still use the four‐step urban transportation modeling system to develop their travel forecasts. Trip generation, the first step of this system, has as objective of predicting the expected total travel demand in a region. The commonly used methods in planning practice for predicting this expected total travel demand typically use only the most recent cross‐sectional data available from a study region for model development, which ties the resulting travel‐forecast model to the economic environment prevailing at the time of data collection. Applying such models to generate forecasts of travel in economic environments significantly different from those embodied in the estimated model parameters could result in greater errors than would otherwise be the case. To address the aforementioned problem, this paper proposes the development of trip generation models estimated on multiple independent cross‐sectional datasets collected in the same urban region but at different times representing different economic environments. Data used in the research were collected in cross‐sectional household travel behavior surveys undertaken in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada in 1986, 1996, 2001, and 2006. The results lead to the conclusion that well‐specified models, estimated on pooled multiple cross‐sectional datasets, yield travel predictions in the base and horizon years, respectively, that have smaller error compared with corresponding travel predictions generated with single cross‐sectional models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evacuation traffic dynamics

Historically, evacuation models have relied on values of road capacity that are estimated based on Highway Capacity Manual methods or those observed during routine non-emergency conditions. The critical assumption in these models is that capacity values and traffic dynamics do not differ between emergency and non-emergency conditions. This study utilized data collected during Hurricanes Ivan (2004), Katrina (2005) and Gustav (2008) to compare traffic characteristics during mass evacuations with those observed during routine non-emergency operations. From these comparisons it was found that there exists a consistent and fundamental difference between traffic dynamics under evacuation conditions and those under routine non-emergency periods. Based on the analysis, two quantities are introduced: “maximum evacuation flow rates” (MEFR) and “maximum sustainable evacuation flow rates” (MSEFR). Based on observation, the flow rates during evacuations were found to reach a maximum value of MEFR followed by a drop in flow rate to a MSEFR that was able to be sustained over several hours, or until demand dropped below that necessary to completely saturate the section. It is suggested that MEFR represents the true measure of the “capacity”. These findings are important to a number of key policy-shaping factors that are critical to evacuation planning. Most important among these is the strong suggestion of policy changes that would shift away from the use of traditional capacity estimation techniques and toward values based on direct observation of traffic under evacuation conditions.     

Specification and estimation of a spatially and temporally autocorrelated seemingly unrelated regression model: application to crash rates in China

In transportation studies, variables of interest are often influenced by similar factors and have correlated latent terms (errors). In such cases, a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model is normally used. However, most studies ignore the potential temporal and spatial autocorrelations across observations, which may lead to inaccurate conclusions. In contrast, the SUR model proposed in this study also considers these correlations, making the model more behaviorally convincing and applicable to circumstances where a three-dimensional correlation exists, across time, space, and equations. An example of crash rates in Chinese cities is used. The results show that incorporation of spatial and temporal effects significantly improves the model. Moreover, investment in transportation infrastructure is estimated to have statistically significant effects on reducing severe crash rates, but with an elasticity of only −0.078. It is also observed that, while vehicle ownership is associated with higher per capita crash rates, elasticities for severe and non-severe crashes are just 0.13 and 0.18, respectively; much lower than one. The techniques illustrated in this study should contribute to future studies requiring multiple equations in the presence of temporal and spatial effects.

On the electrification of road transportation – A review of the environmental,economic, and social performance of electric two-wheelers

Electrification is widely considered as a viable strategy for reducing the oil dependency and environmental impacts of road transportation. In pursuit of this strategy, most attention has been paid to electric cars. However, substantial, yet untapped, potentials could be realized in urban areas through the large-scale introduction of electric two-wheelers. Here, we review the environmental, economic, and social performance of electric two-wheelers, demonstrating that these are generally more energy efficient and less polluting than conventionally-powered motor vehicles. Electric two-wheelers tend to decrease exposure to pollution as their environmental impacts largely result from vehicle production and electricity generation outside of urban areas. Our analysis suggests that the price of e-bikes has been decreasing at a learning rate of 8%. Despite price differentials of 5000 ± 1800 EUR₂₀₁₂ kW h⁻¹ in Europe, e-bikes are penetrating the market because they appear to offer an apparent additional use value relative to bicycles. Mid-size and large electric two-wheelers do not offer such an additional use value compared to their conventional counterparts and constitute niche products at price differentials of 700 ± 360 EUR₂₀₁₂ kW⁻¹ and 160 ± 90 EUR₂₀₁₂ kW⁻¹, respectively. The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of urban infrastructure and safety regulations. A case-specific assessment as part of an integrated urban mobility planning that accounts, e.g., for the local electricity mix, infrastructure characteristics, and mode-shift behavior, should be conducted before drawing conclusions about the sustainability impacts of electric two-wheelers.     

����С�������ݼ��㳵����ƽ����ʻ��̵��о�

车辆年平均行驶里程（AVKT）是交通和环保领域研究工作的基础,其主要影响因素包括车辆种类、区域交通运输能力和车辆的技术状况等。由于目前的技术条件下难以得到AVKT的真实值, AVKT只能根据其他信息估测获得。在分析AVKT影响因素的基础上,提出一种利用小样本数据计算AVKT的算法。该算法根据车辆种类、上牌日期、累积里程和保有量等数据建立计算公式,提出了由累积里程计算里程分布这一关键过程的计算方法。研究表明,车辆的种类分布、车龄分布、里程分布和累积里程决定了AVKT的多少。该算法综合多种影响因素,适合多种分类标准,具有较好的适用性,并通过实例应用证明该算法的可行性。