城市抗震救灾道路网络规划研究

科学合理地规划城市道路网络,使之满足抗震救灾需要,对于震后救援及灾后重建具有重要意义。提出了由三级网络组成的抗震救灾主干网,并给出了路段抗震可靠性的计算方法,通过路段的抗震可靠性分析,找到路网中的薄弱环节,进而提出抗震救灾主干网抗震可靠性的计算方法,为抗震救灾主干网的规划及评价提供依据。     

功率变流器拓扑结构共模电压的比较和降低

所有由接地的电网系统供电并向可变输出系统供电的开关变流器拓扑结构,都会在负载装置上产生共模电压.系统地分析了用在交流传动装置上的各种变流器拓扑结构的共模电压,包括两点式电压源逆变器(VSI)、电流源逆变器(CSI)以及多点式逆变器.还分析了每种拓扑结构中使用的有源前端整流器.分析了共模电压的来源,并比较了由不同变流器拓扑结构产生的共模电压幅值.讨论了共模电压和降低共模电压技术的实际意义,并提供仿真和试验结果加以证明.     

孕源断链在土地沙漠化防御技术中的实践剖析

基于灾害的链式理论对现今土地沙漠化问题进行了分析,指出土地沙漠化无论在成因上还是在危害性的表现结果上都呈现出复杂的链式效应,并依据灾害链式效应指出不合理耕作、开采地下水、砍伐树木、过度放牧及日益恶化的生态环境是形成土地沙漠化灾害链的源头因素.根据孕源断链的治灾思路,提出治理沙漠化应从其孕育初期的源头上控制灾害蔓延,切断灾害传播链,并从工程实践入手对其成效进行剖析。     

长联公铁两用钢桁梁桥采用速度锁定器装置减震性能研究

长联公铁两用钢桁梁桥固定墩地震响应大,抗震设计困难。通过设置速度锁定装置,并对各种速度锁定器布置方案进行比选分析,研究该类桥梁桥墩采用速度锁定器装置后的减震性能。由于设置速度锁定器装置的活动墩的分担,各方案整体减震率可达到20.5%～47.1%。如锁定墩(设置速度锁定器装置的活动墩)墩高相比固定墩和其他锁定墩墩高矮很多,或者锁定墩一侧未采用速度锁定器装置的活动墩较多,则该锁定墩的地震响应可能超过原固定墩。该类桥梁确定锁定器布置方案时应综合考虑内力和位移的减震效果、锁定力大小,并同时兼顾公路层和铁路层梁-墩相对位移的大小等因素的影响。对长联公铁两用钢桁梁桥,采用速度锁定器装置并优化其布置方案后,可取得较好的减震效果。     

The visual effects of port redevelopment alternatives

Abstract

In the early 1970s, Seattle Piers 90/91 were declared surplus federal property by the GSA. These obsolescent half‐mile‐long piers and their adjacent uplands were purchased by the Port of Seattle for redevelopment. This urban waterfront site of almost 200 acres presents the Port of Seattle with a number of severe planning problems. While it is the last large deep‐water site on Elliott Bay, it is also in a very sensitive location, since it is overlooked on two sides by vocal residential communities with a history of active intervention in development projects on visual and other environmental grounds.

At Piers 90/91, public concerns over the visual effects of port redevelopment include:

1. nuisance effects of night‐operations lighting on adjacent hillside residences;

2. nighttime obstruction of distant views due to increased foreground illumination;

3. day and night view obstruction by tall structures such as container‐handling cranes;

4. alteration of the character of both day and nighttime views by new port facilities.

As part of a program to study the effects of alternative redevelopment strategies for Piers 90/91, the Port has undertaken a through examination of the visual effects of different uses, their visual appropriateness, and the ways by which adverse visual effects can be mitigated. The results were incorporated into an environmental impact statement which documented compliance with the Seattle Shoreline Master Program and with view protection and glare provisions of the City's S.E.P.A. guidelines.

A systematic Visual Resource Management (VRM) approach was successfully employed on this coastal zone project. Major elements included visibility mapping, key view selection, analysis of existing visual character, simulation of alternatives, assessment of relative visual compatibility, and determination of effective mitigation measures. Community involvement has also been a critical element in this approach to assessing and managing the visual effects of redevelopment in a major urban port.     

悬索桥吊索高阶涡激振动及摆锤式MTMD减振技术研究

为了解大跨度悬索桥吊索出现的大幅高频振动现象,并进行减振,以国内某主跨1688 m的悬索桥为背景(最长吊索长184.6 m),基于理论方法和施工期吊索大幅高频振动实测结果,分析吊索的振动类型及参数(频率、阻尼比);提出一种摆锤式多重调谐质量阻尼器(MTMD,其由一定形状的锤头提供质量参数,由钢绞线提供刚度及阻尼参数),采用有限元和室内试验的方法,分析其振动特性,并进行实桥验证。结果表明:该桥吊索振动频率范围为5~25 Hz,阻尼比低,单个吊点的多根吊索易发生同相位的高阶涡激振动;摆锤式MTMD单个锤头具有2个控制主频,自身阻尼比约10%,具有位移放大作用,对高频振动的响应灵敏,在很宽的频率范围内具有很好的减振性能;摆锤式MTMD可有效增加吊索自身阻尼比,控制吊索高阶涡激振动,实测减振效果达到90%以上,具有很好的实用性。     

Stop-and-go traffic analysis: Theoretical properties,environmental impacts and oscillation mitigation

This study aims (i) to analyze theoretical properties of a recently proposed describing-function (DF) based approach (Li and Ouyang, 2011; Li et al., 2012) for traffic oscillation quantification, (ii) to adapt it for estimating fuel consumption and emission from traffic oscillation and (iii) to explore vehicle control strategies of smoothing traffic with advanced technologies. The DF approach was developed to predict traffic oscillation propagation across a platoon of vehicles following each other by a nonlinear car-following law with only the leading vehicle’s input. We first simplify the DF approach and prove a set of properties (e.g., existence and uniqueness of its solution) that assure its prediction is always consistent with observed traffic oscillation patterns. Then we integrate the DF approach with existing estimation models of fuel consumption and emission to analytically predict environmental impacts (i.e., unit-distance fuel consumption and emission) from traffic oscillation. The prediction results by the DF approach are validated with both computer simulation and field measurements. Further, we explore how to utilize advantageous features of emerging sensing, communication and control technologies, such as fast response and information sharing, to smooth traffic oscillation and reduce its environmental impacts. We extend the studied car-following law to incorporate these features and apply the DF approach to demonstrate how these features can help dampen the growth of oscillation and environmental impact measurements. For information sharing, we convert the corresponding extended car-following law into a new fixed point problem and propose a simple bisecting based algorithm to efficiently solve it. Numerical experiments show that these new car-following control strategies can effectively suppress development of oscillation amplitude and consequently mitigate fuel consumption and emission.     

Cyclone Mitigation Perspectives in the Islands of Bangladesh: A Case of Sandwip and Hatia Islands

Most coastal areas of the world are now at risk from natural hazards such as cyclones, storm surges, beach erosions, tsunamis, sea level rises, and so on, resulting from geological and meteorological disturbances. In Bangladesh, during premonsoon and post-monsoon periods cyclone and tidal surges are considered the most catastrophic phenomena in coastal regions, including islands. Most coastal island residents of Bangladesh have been facing cyclones for centuries. The present study establishes a comparison between two neighboring islands, Sandwip and Hatia, of the Meghna estuary with respect to disaster reaction and management. Based on a questionnaire survey and observations, the study shows that the inhabitants of Hatia are more aware of and confident in disaster management than the inhabitants of Sandwip. Residents of both islands in the Meghna estuary have established trust in the warning signals following the heavy devastation of great cyclones of 1970, 1985, 1991, and 1997. The residents of Hatia have been facing cyclones and tidal surges more frequently than the residents of Sandwip due to the island's geographical location. In addition, shelter management and relief management are better developed in Hatia than Sandwip.     

CO2 efficiency in road freight transportation: Status quo, measures and potential

Road freight transport continues to grow in Germany and generates 6% of the country’s CO₂ emissions. In logistics, many decisions influence the energy efficiency of trucks, but causalities are not well understood. Little work has been done on quantifying the potential for further CO₂ reduction and the effect of specific activities, such as introducing computer assisted scheduling systems to trucking firms. A survey was survey out and linked fuel consumption to transport performance parameters in 50 German haulage companies during 2003. Emission efficiency ranged from 0.8 tonne-km to 26 tonne-km for 1 kg CO₂ emissions. The results show potential for improvements given a low level of vehicle usage and load factor levels, scarce use of lightweight vehicle design, poorly selected vehicles and a high proportion of empty runs. IT-based scheduling systems with telematic application for data communication, positioning and navigation show positive effects on efficiency. Fuel use and transport performance was measured before and after the introduction of these systems.     

Energy-Based Approach to Structural Robustness

Introduction Structures must be robust, so that after accidentaldamage, they will not suffer consequences dispropor-tionate to the original causes. In structural engineer-ing, the modern research on structural robustness maydate back to the progressive collapse of the RonanPoint in England in 1968, where a relatively weakexplosion led to a disproportionate failure ( seeFig.1). Following this accident, considerable at-tempts have been made on this subject though debatecontinues about the true…