汽车节能的因素与措施分析

随着汽车保有量的增加,我国面临更加严重的能源和环境问题,这些已成为制约我国汽车工业可持续发展的重要因素,人们越来越重视汽车的节能。本文主要从“人,车,路”三方面来分析影响汽车节能的因素,并且根据这些因素,从车的结构方面以及油品和驾驶人等方面提出了一些节能的措施,希望能够起到积极作用。     

The impacts of changing flight demands and throughput performance on airport delays through the Great Recession

Several significant events between 2007 and 2009 impacted flight demands and the abilities of the three major New York area airports to handle demand. This paper assesses the results of applying a probabilistic simulation method – which isolates the individual contributions of changes in flight demand and changes in airport throughput performance to changes in flight delays – to diagnose how these different events may have caused operational changes at these airports, and in turn, how the results may be used to inform policies for appropriate countermeasures. The analysis revealed two key observations. Firstly, certain patterns in throughput performance shifts caused the most significant delays, and were more likely to have been caused by controller staffing issues rather than caps. Secondly, relatively constant average delays from one year to the next may result from significant demand drops accompanied by large throughput performance degradations at an airport. This suggests that not only operational limitations on capacity encourage airlines to reduce schedules, but that changed demands can also impact throughput performance. Overall, the analysis indicates that caps may not have provided their fully intended delay benefits. Although they successfully reduced overall flight demands at LGA and JFK, they also directly limited throughput performance at critical times, in turn limiting delay benefits. In addition, demands at the busiest times of the day appear to be relatively inelastic to these operational limitations, insofar as demand profiles at EWR and JFK remained “peaky” in 2008 and 2009. Also, the recession was largely responsible for reducing demands at the airports in 2009, but the delay benefits of this were dampened by a corresponding throughput performance degradation. Based on the above observations, a more direct demand management policy combined with policies that focus on maintaining high staffing capabilities at critical times of the day may be considered, to reduce the likelihood of major queue formation on days that do experience sustained demands. The results also suggest that a more flexible caps system, particularly during times of heavy queues, could be explored. Although airport practitioners have keen understandings of how their airports operate, without the support of quantitative analysis tools, it can be more difficult to argue the need for appropriate countermeasures. An analysis such as the one presented here can provide the detailed quantitative substantiation required to build cases for these targeted policy directives and infrastructure investments.     

Indicators of reliability and vulnerability: Similarities and differences in ranking links of a complex road system

This article investigates two performance attributes of road networks, reliability and vulnerability, analyzing their similarities as well as the differences that justify distinct definitions, based on consolidation of recent studies. We also discuss the indicators found in the literature for these two performance attributes. Since various authors treat vulnerability as an aspect of reliability instead of a specific attribute, we carried out an application to a complex road network representative of the city of Rio de Janeiro to check the suitability of this approach. The results show that the vulnerability indicators are more strongly affected by the characteristics of alternative routes while the reliability metrics are more sensitive to the congestion level. The conclusion is that reliability and vulnerability should be treated distinctly for evaluating the performance of road network links.     

Evaluating sustainability of supply chains by two-stage range directional measure in the presence of negative data

Assessing sustainability of supply chains is a critical and increasingly complex problem. In recent years sustainability has received more attention in supply chain management (SCM) literature with triple bottom lines including social, environmental, and economic factors. Conventional data envelopment analysis (DEA) models consider decision making units (DMUs) as black boxes that consume a set of inputs to produce a set of outputs and do not take into consideration internal interactions of DMUs. Two-stage DEA models deal with such DMUs. However, existing two-stage DEA models are applicable only in technologies characterized by positive inputs/outputs. This paper aims to build and present a new two-stage DEA model considering negative input-intermediate-output data. Some numerical examples along with some theorems and properties are given to show capability of proposed method. The proposed ideas are used in a case study where 29 Iranian supply chains producing equipment of expendable medical devices are evaluated in terms of sustainability.     

货车低速通过小半径曲线动力学性能试验分析

根据提速货车和既有装转8A型转向架的非提速货车低速通过小半径曲线以及12#道岔侧线时的动力学性能测试数据,分析货车低速通过小半径曲线、道岔侧线的动力学性能.结果表明:在正常技术状态下,装用转K2、转K4、转K5、转K6型转向架的提速货车和既有装用转8A型转向架的非提速货车在低速通过小半径曲线和道岔侧线时,货车的动力学性能基本满足要求,货车低速通过小半径曲线有安全保障;对于提速货车,在通过小半径曲线并在出曲线时,由于外轨超高降低、外侧轮减载,从而增加了对车辆安全的不利影响,因此,应严格控制提速货车运行速度在线路规定的允许速度范围内.分析货车通过小半径曲线时每个车轮的轮轨力变化特征可知,提速货车在重车时比空车时的轮轨力增减缓和,更有利于货车通过曲线的安全性;非提速货车在进出曲线时,由于车体的重量通过心盘近似平均地分配到左右侧架上,使得其轮轨力的增减较小且垂向力无明显增减.     

采用动态流变剪切方法评价改性乳化沥青高温性能的研究

为了对改性乳化沥青高温性能及影响因素进行更好地评价,选用直接加热蒸发法获取SBR及SBS改性乳化沥青残留物。在此基础上,进行多应力重复蠕变恢复试验,探讨温度、胶乳含量及胶乳种类3个因素对改性乳化沥青高温性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着温度的升高,SBR改性乳化沥青残留物高温抗变形能力变弱;随着胶乳含量的增加,SBR改性乳化沥青残留物高温抗变形能力变强;SBS改性乳化沥青高温性能优于SBR改性乳化沥青。     

重庆跨座式单轨1500V接触轨系统的安全管理

论述重庆跨座式单轨采用的直流1500V接触轨系统的构成、技术特征和在运营中的应用情况,介绍在采用直流1500V接触轨系统时的安全管理、安全防护措施。通过实践得出结论：在车辆段、地面正线等区域的使用中,尽管1500V接触轨系统比柔性架空网存在较高的触电风险,但如果运营公司高度重视,采取有效的隔离设计,以及强有力和细致的现场管理,就能够防范其带来的风险,确保运营安全。     

A Delphi analysis on green performance evaluation indices for ports in China

This study identified a set of applicable and practical green performance evaluation indices for Chinese ports using the Delphi technique. The research was conducted by targeting three representative Chinese ports in Eastern China: the Shanghai Port, Ningbo Port, and Qingdao Port. An effective expert panel was structured with direct stakeholders related to green performance, which was based on a sufficient consideration of the unique and the special decision-making system for Chinese ports. Twenty-one green performance indices in six dimensions (i.e. liquid pollution management, air pollution management, noise control, low carbon regulations and energy savings, marine biology preservation, and organization and management) were eventually identified through three rounds of iterations. The identified green performance indices for Chinese ports are highly consistent with the Chinese Government’s environmental policies. Compared with European ports, the green port performance indicators in China are not as comprehensive. The indicators that are strictly consistent with national macro policies and the factors that are more easily seen, heard, and felt were perceived to be more important. From an academic perspective, this study offers a new approach for system establishment and green practice criteria exploration and thus provides a significant basis for further green port studies.     

新颖的船舶电控喷油柴油机系统

本文介绍了船舶主机上引入一种新颖电子控制喷油系统,大大改善了燃烧效率和耗油量问题,并保证了船舶主机的最佳工作性能。文章重点论述了该系统的特点与功能,结构原理及实验测试数据等。     

单轴转向架在城轨车辆中的应用前景分析

单轴转向架具有重量轻、曲线通过能力强、低噪声和运行稳定性较差等特点。文章详细分析了单轴转向架的运行性能,并对单轴转向架在城轨车辆中的应用可行性进行了探讨,认为其可满足城轨车辆的运行要求。