考虑高铁客运产品间交叉弹性的动态票价策略

将由特定高铁列车所提供的起讫点间的旅客运输服务定义为单个高铁客运产品。随着高速铁路越来越公交化,同一起讫点间客运产品间的可替代性越来越强,票价的调整有了更精细化的要求。用经济学中的交叉弹性理论描述客运产品间的可替代程度,用指数需求函数描述客运产品的需求与票价的关系,构建并求解高铁动态票价优化模型,对客运产品间不同可替代程度下的最优动态票价策略进行研究。结果显示:高铁客运产品间的可替代性会影响票价策略的选择,且客运产品间可替代程度的增加是否有利于客票收益的提高与可行折扣票价集合的选取有关。     

Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

Direction dependent prices in public transport: A good idea? The back haul pricing problem for a monopolistic public transport firm

Markets for transport are often characterised by unequal demand in both directions: every morning during peak hours the trains are crowded while moving towards the direction of large cities, whereas they may be almost empty in the other direction. In this paper we discuss the implications of these imbalances for price setting of transport firms. From the viewpoint of economic theory, two regimes can be distinguished: one where – owing to price discrimination – the flows are equal, and one where unequal flows are the result. Special attention is paid to the case where the transport firm does not apply price discrimination, as is the case with most railway firms in Europe. We find that in the case of substantial joint costs, the introduction of price discrimination not only leads to an increase of profits, but also to positive effects on consumer surplus. This result differs from the standard result in the literature on industrial economics. The standard result purports that with linear demand functions price discrimination has a negative impact on the welfare of the average consumer and that this negative impact dominates the positive effect on profits of the producer.     

从大莱龙铁路投标谈如何提高报价内涵质量

通过复核工程数量、合理计算运杂费和灵活编制补充单价,以及在认真检查计算过程中存在的问题等方面,简述提高报价内涵质量.     

城市轨道交通对周边物业影响分析

以深圳市为实例,利用历年房地产交易资料,阐述了深圳城市轨道交通客流预测模型构架,得出各项特征因素值.建立了深圳地铁一期沿线物业的特征价格模型,分析出城市轨道交通建设期对周边不同物业的影响程度,揭示了城市轨道交通促进周边土地升值的空间变化规律.对照香港的成功发展经验,提出了站点周边土地的综合发展策略,为土地利用规划、轨道交通线网规划、站点周边土地地价测算和开发形式提供依据.     

钻孔灌注桩静载试验检测招投标控制价审查

随着国民经济的迅速发展,大中型桥梁建设越来越多,大直径、大吨位、超长桩基不断得到运用,作为验证桩基设计合理性重要手段的桩基静载试验检测情况也随之增加,因而对桩基静载试验进行招投标的项目也越来越多,然而在确定桩基静载试验费用时由于没有直接定额可以套用,工程造价往往不能合理确定。通过对萧山机场公路改建工程钻孔灌注桩试桩试验检测招投标控制价分析,提出合理确定桩基静载试验检测工程造价的方法。     

贝叶斯决策在确定复合标底报价中的应用

通过对复合标底特点的分析和对贝叶斯决策的介绍，将贝叶斯决策理论引入确定复合标底的报价之中。     

考虑资金约束的中欧班列运价与运量决策分析

针对围绕中欧班列业务而产生的中小企业资金约束问题,本文考虑运输价格和运输服务质量双重需求特征,构建由中欧班列和国际货代公司组成的二级物流服务供应链博弈模型,分别求解无资金约束、银行融资、中欧融资及集中决策这4种情景下双方的运价决策和利润函数。以利润函数最大化为目标,探究货代公司自有资金、中欧班列运输服务质量对双方定价与融资决策影响的作用机理,验证不同融资模式选择的可行范围,并进行数值分析。研究表明：资金约束使得中欧班列运输价格升高,但相比银行融资模式,中欧融资模式能够提供更低的运输价格。中欧融资模式下,双方利润受货代公司自有资金的影响,只有当自有资金小于某临界值时,双方才会选择该融资模式,且中欧融资模式下,供应链整体绩效高于银行融资模式。     

太原市可持续交通发展策略研究

针对太原市社会、经济、交通现状提出发展可持续交通的思想,并从交通管理体制、制定交通规划以及具体措施几个方面提出相应的策略以求交通发展能满足当代人和后代的交通需求,实现与资源、环境的协调发展。     

英语同义词描述维度观察

对同义词的研究重点通常放在历史成因、分类方法及差异性辨析等方面，且止于此。文中提出在此之后还需更进一步：整体观察任一基本意义已知的全部维度，进而分析和比较在英语语言里都有哪些维度拥有独立的词汇，使英语从这些维度对这一基本意义进行描述。在这里用维度这一概念来囊括各种导致同义词差异的特性，包括语义差异、感情色彩、文体特征等。这样做可实现包括对可能存在的未知词汇进行预测，以及转换词汇扩展为维度的扩充与补足，从而提高词汇学习趣味与效率等的原有做法无法实现的积极效果。