MERGING AND SPLITTING SECOND-ORDER SELF-SIMILAR PROCESSES (TRAFFICS)

Recent traffic measurements in corporate LANs, Variable-Bit-Rate (VBR) video sources, ISDN control channels, and other communication systems, have indicated traffic behavior of self-similar nature, which has implications for design, control and analysis of high-speed networks. Merging and splitting are two basic networking operations. This paper gave the necessary and sufficient conditions for that merging of second-order self-similar traffic streams also results in a second-order self-similar stream. It shows that splitting traffic streams of the second-order self-similar stream are still self-similar streams by the independent splitting operation.     

直接自控制—现代机车交流传动闭环控制策略

８０年代中期由德国鲁尔大学Ｍ．Ｄｅｐｅｎｂｒｏｃｋ教授提出的直接自控制方法，经过ＡＢＢ公司工程师的后续开发，已经成功地用于干线内燃和电力机车，如奥地利联邦铁路的１８２２和瑞士联邦铁路的４６０电力机车上。与７０年代初期提出的磁场定向控制相比，直接自控制有着同样优异的动态性能，但实现更为简单，对电机参数变化不敏感、功率器件的开关能力可得到最充分的发挥．本文根据其在现代交流传动机车上的应用，从理论到实践对这种控制策略作了较为系统的介绍。     

遥感影像在电子地图生产中的应用

以SPOT、TM遥感影像为主要数据源 ,介绍了多源遥感影像融合技术以及电子地图的生产技术流程     

基于S3C2410TK开发平台的嵌入式导航系统应用研究

随着嵌入式设备的日臻完善，导航系统正逐渐向小型化、专业化方向发展。文章介绍了SAMSUNG公司推出的基于ARM920T内核的S3C2410TK硬件开发平台．讨论了以EVC＋＋4．O为系统软件开发工具，实现对城区GIS的GPS导航。重点介绍了多线程技术，电子地图的读取和显示等关键技术。     

Time control point strategy coupled with transfer coordination in bus schedule design

A schedule consisting of an appropriate arrival time at each time control point can ensure reliable transport services. This paper develops a novel time control point strategy coupled with transfer coordination for solving a multi‐objective schedule design problem to improve schedule adherence and reduce intermodal transfer disutility. The problem is formulated using a robust mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model. The mixed‐integer nonlinear programming model is equivalently transformed into a robust mixed‐integer linear programming model, which is then approximated by a deterministic mixed‐integer linear programming model through Monte Carlo simulation. Thus, the optimal scheduled arrival time at each time control point can be precisely obtained using cplex . Numerical experiments based on three bus lines and the mass rapid transit system in Singapore are presented, and the results show that the schedule determined using the developed model is able to provide not only reliable bus service but also a smooth transfer experience for passengers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

控制“自我”意识的脑部区域发现之意义提示

人类“自我”意识产生的物理基础是什么?意识的本质究竟是什么?近年来，脑科学的迅猛发展在一定程度上回答了这些问题。本通过对科学家发现了控制“自我”意识的大脑区域这一医学新成果的分析，考察了历史上有关意识问题的多种理论的局限性，揭示了该成果蕴含的哲学意义是对辨证唯物主义关于“人脑是产生意识的物理基础”内容的补充、丰富和完善。     

全方位推进器与首侧推器综合作用对船舶操纵性能的影响

以船模自由自航模试验为基础，对采用全方位推进器和首侧推器的船舶特殊操纵性能进行了试验研究，对其原地掉头、纯横移、斜移等操纵方式进行了探索和研究。同时，通过测量首侧推器作用力随航速变化规律，分析了首侧推器在该类船舶上的应用情况，供设计者参考。     

Queue length estimation at metered freeway‐to‐freeway connectors

Freeway‐to‐freeway connector metering is a cost‐effective and proven freeway management strategy for relieving recurrent congestion. However, one of the critical challenges in design and operation of freeway‐to‐freeway connector metering is the lack of up‐to‐date queue storage length design guidance. In this study, it was found that ramp queue is dynamically related to the metering rate, on‐ramp demand, and traffic flow arrival pattern. Hence, simply using an average demand cannot provide accurate queue length estimation and is also not suitable for queue storage design where the maximum or a percentile queue length is generally used. A mesoscopic queue length simulation model was developed based on the input–output method for estimating queue lengths under various demand‐to‐capacity ratio scenarios. Simulation results indicate that for under‐saturated situations, the ramp queue may exist temporally due to the random short‐term surge of traffic arrivals, and the exponential function could best capture the relationship between queue length and demand‐to‐capacity ratio. For over‐saturated situations, the ramp queue tends to prolong linearly with the demand‐to‐capacity ratio. Based on the simulation, it was recommended that queue storage length be designed as 4.3% of on‐ramp demand when demand is lower than 1200 vph or 2.3% when demand is between 1200 and 2400 vph. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Accidents involving pedestrians with their backs to traffic or facing traffic: an evaluation of crash characteristics and injuries

This paper examines pedestrian anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. Pedestrian crashes involving pedestrians walking along streets (i.e. with their backs to traffic or facing traffic) have been overlooked in literature. Although this is not the most frequent type of crash, the crash consequence to pedestrians is a safety concern. Combining Taiwan A1A2 police‐reported accident data and data from the National Health Insurance Database from years 2003–2013, this paper examines anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. There were a total of 830 and 2267 pedestrian casualties in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes respectively. The injuries sustained by pedestrians and crash characteristics of these two crash types were compared with those of other crossing types of crashes (nearside crash, nearside dart‐out crash, offside crash, and offside dart‐out crash). Odds of various injuries to body regions were estimated using logistic regressions. Key findings include that the percentage of fatalities in back‐to‐traffic crashes is the highest; logistic models reveal that pedestrians in back‐to‐traffic crashes sustained more head, neck, and spinal injuries than did pedestrians in other crash types, and unlit darkness and non‐built‐up roadways were associated with an increased risk of pedestrian head injuries. Several crash features (e.g. unlit darkness, overtaking manoeuvres, phone use by pedestrians and drivers, and intoxicated drivers) are more frequently evident in back‐to‐traffic crashes than in other types of crashes. The current research suggests that in terms of crash consequence, facing traffic is safer than back to traffic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Online calibration of an integrated framework for information‐based evacuation operations

This study seeks to online calibrate the parameters of aggregate evacuee behavior models used in a behavior‐consistent information‐based control module for determining information strategies for real‐time evacuation operations. It enables the deployment of an operational framework for mass evacuation that integrates three aspects underlying an evacuation operation: demand (evacuee behavior), supply (network management), and disaster characteristics. To attain behavior‐consistency, the control module factors evacuees' likely responses to the disseminated information in determining information‐based control strategies. Hence, the ability of the behavior models to predict evacuees' likely responses is critical to the effectiveness of traffic routing by information strategies. The mixed logit structure is used for the aggregate behavior models to accommodate the behavioral heterogeneity across the population. An online calibration problem is proposed to calibrate the random parameters in the behavior models by using the least square estimator to minimize the gap between the predicted network flows and unfolding traffic dynamics. Background traffic, an important but rarely studied issue for modeling evacuation traffic, is also accounted for in the proposed problem. Numerical experiments are conducted to illustrate the importance of the calibration problem for addressing the system consistency issues and integrating the demand, supply, and disaster characteristics for more efficient evacuation operations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.