The influence of employer ridesharing programs on employee mode choice

Employer ridesharing programs and employee mode choice were analyzed using Southern California data. Problems in estimating the costs and benefits of employer ridesharing programs were identified. Surveyed firms used a wide variety of information to estimate employee mode split internally. Virtually all surveyed firms offered free or subsidized parking to some or all of their employees. Few responding firms estimated the cost of providing employee parking accurately, if at all. Despite these significant data limitations, factors influencing firm choice of employer ridesharing program components were identified. The influence of employer ridesharing programs on employee mode choice was modeled using weighted least squares logit regression analysis. Firm size was foung to be the single most important variable identified in the analysis. Larger firms were more likely to offer ridesharing incentives to their empolyees, and to report direct employer benefits from ridesharing. Alternative work hours hindered the formation of ridesharing arrangements in some cases. Relatively few firms promoted ridesharing on a purely voluntary basis. A private market for employer ridesharing services was found to exist, however. Personalized matching assistance may be a critical factor in developing more effective employer ridesharing programs. Parking pricing and supply control measures probably would have a larger impact on employee mode split overall. Parking management faces severe obstacles in implementation, some of which might be overcome through the more extensive provision of ridesharing services, such as personalized matching assistance. to employees at specific employment sites by their employers.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

物流中心选址方法的研究

在研究物流中心选址基本原则、分析物流中心选址常用方法的同时,综合物流中心选址的层次分析法(AHP)和数据包络法(DEA),提出了物流中心选址的AHP/随机DEA方法.通过引入随机变量,解决了数据包络分析中权重选择的不足之处,把选择物流中心地址过程中的主观判断转变为可信度判断,提高物流中心地址评价的可信度.该模型在实际物流评价应用中取得了较好的效果.     

The opening of the Amsterdam Ring Road

This paper presents the results of a major before-and-after study carried out to establish the short term effects of the removal of a severe bottleneck in the road network around Amsterdam. An important focus in the study was on measuring changes in the timing of travel, as well as changes in route choice, mode choice, destination choice and frequency of travel. The results of the study indicated that, in the short run, there was little or no change in mode choice, nor was there significant emergence of new induced trips. On the other hand, large shifts in time of travel as well as route choice were reported, emphasising the importance of alterations to the timing and routes of existing trips when congestion is relieved, and the need to consider the benefits these bring in evaluating the impact of any road investment.     

基于Nested-Logit模型的国际集装箱运输链选择行为研究

以内陆腹地至沿海港口间的国际集装箱公路、铁路运输链为研究对象,在市场调查的基础上,选取港口航线密度、通关便利度、运输时间、运输费用、可靠性作为托运人运输链效用函数的变量,建立Nested-Logit模型。运用义乌市国际集装箱托运人的RP/SP调查数据,标定模型参数,分析托运人的运输链选择偏好,估算各条运输链选择概率的运输时间、运输费用、可靠性的弹性及其边际替代率,并据此提出发展海铁联运的对策建议。研究表明,开通义乌与港口之间的集装箱五定班列并辅以优惠的价格政策,可大幅提升铁路在国际集装箱运输链中的竞争力。     

基于累积前景理论的机场群旅客出行决策行为分析

基于累积前景理论研究了机场群旅客出行决策行为.针对不同出行需求的旅客,综合计划延误时间、票价、出行在途时间“可靠性”和“不可靠性”动态设置出行决策参考点,并考虑航班容量限制因素,构建了旅客出行选择模型,并将实证调查数据分别与累积前景理论和期望效用理论仿真结果进行对比验证.研究表明：前景理论模型能够有效地描述机场群航空旅客的出行路径决策过程,旅客选择行为随着出行目的不同而不同;与期望效用理论模型比较,该模型对描述航空旅客决策行为具有更好的适应性.因此,机场应根据自身市场定位并结合旅客有限理性特点优化航班频率、票价和航线网络结构.     

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在分析了基于城市交通信息港的出行前最优路径选择问题的多目标属性的基础上，建立了出行前最优路径选择的多目标规划模型，模型所求得的解是综合最优路径，反映了城市交通出行者信息以及目标需求多样性的特点.设计了基于线性加权法的模型求解算法.通过算例初步验证了模型的合理性和有效性.     

客运通道出行行为选择分析

选择如何出行是进行出行决策的重要组成部分。而如何提高道路交通准确预测程度,实现道路交通资源合理分配、城市交通布局进行合理规划则成为一个重要的课题。文章主要对京沪两地影响客运通道出行选择的因素进行分析,并在此基础上建立MNL模型。经检验该模型精度很高,能够有效地预测京沪客运通道各交通方式的分担率。     

南京长江三桥深水基础钢套箱施工

深水基础施工是大桥施工的重点,如何合理地选择其施工方案是保证大桥按期顺利完成、降低工程造价的关键。本文介绍了长江三桥钢围堰施工方案的比选及其施工要点,以供参考。     

土地资源可持续利用中的利益均衡:土地发展权配置

土地是社会的、政治的、经济的权利源泉,它反映了一定的社会经济结构。土地的制度演变是一个有关利益主体的社会博弈过程。实行土地资源整理有利于提高土地利用效率,是解决社会发展中土地供求矛盾的有效途径,选择利益均衡的土地整理策略能优化土地资源的社会经济效用,其中土地发展权的创设与合理配置是实现土地资源可持续利用的关键。