Individual transport emissions and the built environment: A structural equation modelling approach

Increasing CO₂ emissions from the transport sector have raised substantial concerns among researchers and policy makers. This research examines the impact of the built environment on individual transport emissions through two mediate variables, vehicle usage and vehicle type choice, within a structural equation modelling (SEM) framework. We find that new-urbanism-type built environment characteristics, including high density, mixed land use, good connectivity, and easy access to public transport systems help reduce transport CO₂ emissions. Such mitigating effect is achieved largely through the reduced vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and is enhanced slightly by the more efficient vehicles owned by individuals living in denser and more diverse neighborhoods, all else being equal. Our research findings provide some new evidence that supports land use policies as an effective strategy to reduce transport CO₂ emissions.     

An impact analysis of traffic image information system on driver travel choice

A driver is one of the main components in a transportation system that influences the effectiveness of any active demand management (ADM) strategies. As such, the understanding on driver behavior and their travel choice is crucial to ensure the successful implementation of ADM strategies in alleviating traffic congestion, especially in city centres. This study aims to investigate the impact of traffic information dissemination via traffic images on driver travel choice and decision. A relationship of driver travel choice with respect to their perceived congestion level is developed by an integrated framework of genetic algorithm–fuzzy logic, being a new attempt in driver behavior modeling. Results show that drivers consider changing their travel choice when the perceived congestion level is medium, in which changing departure time and diverting to alternative roads are two popular choices. If traffic congestion escalates further, drivers are likely to cancel their trip. Shifting to public transport system is the least likely choice for drivers in an auto-dependent city. These findings are important and useful to engineers as they are required to fully understand driver (user) sensitivity to traffic conditions so that relevant active travel demand management strategies could be implemented successfully. In addition, engineers could use the relationships established in this study to predict drivers’ response under various traffic conditions when carrying out modeling and impact studies.     

A discounted recursive logit model for dynamic gridlock network analysis

Emerging sensing technologies such as probe vehicles equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices on board provide us real-time vehicle trajectories. They are helpful for the understanding of the cases that are significant but difficult to observe because of the infrequency, such as gridlock networks. On the premise of this type of emerging technology, this paper propose a sequential route choice model that describes route choice behavior, both in ordinary networks, where drivers acquire spatial knowledge of networks through their experiences, and in extraordinary networks, which are situations that drivers rarely experience, and applicable to real-time traffic simulations. In extraordinary networks, drivers do not have any experience or appropriate information. In such a context, drivers have little spatial knowledge of networks and choose routes based on dynamic decision making, which is sequential and somewhat forward-looking. In order to model these decision-making dynamics, we propose a discounted recursive logit model, which is a sequential route choice model with the discount factor of expected future utility. Through illustrative examples, we show that the discount factor reflects drivers’ decision-making dynamics, and myopic decisions can confound the network congestion level. We also estimate the parameters of the proposed model using a probe taxis’ trajectory data collected on March 4, 2011 and on March 11, 2011, when the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The results show that the discount factor has a lower value in gridlock networks than in ordinary networks.     

Stated choices and benefit estimates in the context of traffic calming schemes: Utility maximization,regret minimization,or both?

This paper proposes a discrete mixture model which assigns individuals, up to a probability, to either a class of random utility (RU) maximizers or a class of random regret (RR) minimizers, on the basis of their sequence of observed choices. Our proposed model advances the state of the art of RU–RR mixture models by (i) adding and simultaneously estimating a membership model which predicts the probability of belonging to a RU or RR class; (ii) adding a layer of random taste heterogeneity within each behavioural class; and (iii) deriving a welfare measure associated with the RU–RR mixture model and consistent with referendum-voting, which is the adequate mechanism of provision for such local public goods. The context of our empirical application is a stated choice experiment concerning traffic calming schemes. We find that the random parameter RU–RR mixture model not only outperforms its fixed coefficient counterpart in terms of fit—as expected—but also in terms of plausibility of membership determinants of behavioural class. In line with psychological theories of regret, we find that, compared to respondents who are familiar with the choice context (i.e. the traffic calming scheme), unfamiliar respondents are more likely to be regret minimizers than utility maximizers.     

Consumers’ willingness to pay for alternative fuel vehicles: A comparative discrete choice analysis between the US and Japan

This paper conducts a comparative discrete choice analysis to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for electric vehicles (EVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on the basis of the same stated preference survey carried out in the US and Japan in 2012. We also carry out a comparative analysis across four US states. We find that on average US consumers are more sensitive to fuel cost reductions and alternative fuel station availability than are Japanese consumers. With regard to the comparative analysis across the four US states, consumers’ WTP for a fuel cost reduction in California is considerably greater than in the other three states. We use the estimates obtained in the discrete choice analysis to examine the EV/PHEV market shares under several scenarios. In a base case scenario with relatively realistic attribute levels, conventional gasoline vehicles still dominate both in the US and Japan. However, in an innovation scenario with a significant purchase price reduction, we observe a high penetration of alternative fuel vehicles both in the US and Japan. We illustrate the potential use of a discrete choice analysis for forward-looking policy analysis, with the future opportunity to compare its predictions against actual revealed choices. In this case, increased purchase price subsidies are likely to have a significant impact on the market shares of alternative fuel vehicles.     

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基于北京地铁6个换乘站客流高峰期乘客对上行方向步行楼梯和自动扶梯的选择行为调查数据,采用灰色关联法计算乘客选择行为影响因素的重要度并排序。利用模糊数学理论建立乘客的选择行为模型,并分析乘客选择行为与相关影响因素的变化规律。研究表明,楼梯高度、扶梯前排队人数、乘客携带行李情况为影响乘客选择行为的重要因素。本文建立的模型可较好地刻画乘客的选择行为,模型计算结果与实际数据较吻合。此外,扶梯前排队人数少于25人时,乘客选择楼梯的概率较小,受其他因素影响小;超过25人后,乘客选择楼梯概率随排队人数的增加显著增加,且乘客负重、楼梯高度越小,影响越明显。不同负重乘客选择楼梯的概率随楼梯高度的变化规律一致,并随楼梯高度的增加近似呈线性下降。     

基于SP和RP融合数据的小汽车通勤出行频率选择模型

基于小汽车通勤出行特性和成本分析,采用意愿调查法对小汽车出行者的社会经济属性、通勤特性和不同燃油价格下的出行意向进行调查,定量分析停车位供应状况、停车费、燃油价格等因素对小汽车使用者通勤出行频率的影响,以获取高燃油价格下小汽车通勤行为随燃油价格(出行成本)变化的规律.基于多项选择模型,分别建立了RP模型、SP模型和基于...     

上海浦东国际机场集疏运交通方式选择行为分析

针对上海浦东机场航空旅客,进行机场集疏运交通方式选择行为研究,通过浦东机场航空旅客的SP调查数据,分析了集疏运系统服务水平对航空旅客交通方式选择行为的影响,在按照出行目的、居住地情况和携带大件行李3个要素对航空旅客进行市场细分的情况下,建立了分类的机场集疏运交通方式选择行为的多元Logit模型,对影响机场交通方式选择的...     

城际高铁在短途客运市场中的竞争力分析

最近几年,京津、京石、沪宁、广深开行的城际列车吸引大批的乘客。以京津城际客运专线为例,运用Logit模型得出影响城际铁路分担率的因素,制定相应的对策,保持和提高铁路在短途客运市场上的竞争力。因此,铁路在稳定与扩大中长途客运市场的前提下,将开发重点转移到城际客运的短途市场是增强铁路竞争力的关键措施。     

基于MNL模型的有轨电车出行选择行为研究

以现代有轨电车在上海建设试验线为背景,就市民出行方式的选择意愿进行了调查,在此基础上建立了多项Logit模型,研究了有轨电车的引入对市民出行方式选择的影响,明确了影响市民选择出行方式的关键因素为薪资收入、出行准点要求以及出行距离,进而指出了有轨电车在城市交通系统中的功能定位,并就如何提供现代有轨电车乃至城市公共交通的分担率提出了建议。