The impact of fuel availability on demand for alternative-fuel vehicles

We study the impact of fuel availability on demand for alternative-fuel vehicles, using data from a survey of potential car buyers in Germany. The survey was conducted as a computer-assisted personal interview and included a choice experiment involving cars with various fuel types. Applying a standard logit model, we show that alternative fuel availability influences choices positively, but its marginal utility diminishes with supply. Furthermore, we derive consumers’ marginal willingness-to-pay for an expanded service station network. The results suggest that a failure to expand the availability of alternative fuel stations represents a significant barrier to the widespread adoption of alternative-fuel vehicles.     

严寒地区高速公路服务站区地源热泵系统的运行模拟

严寒地区高速公路服务站区冬季供暖量大,夏季基本没有供冷需求,故单独使用地源热泵系统会造成浅层土壤温度场逐年下降,导致系统无法正常运行。太阳能作为一种清洁、廉价的能源,冬季可以和地源热泵系统联合运行供暖,其他季节可以为浅层土壤补充热量,以维持土壤温度场的平衡。以山西某高速公路服务站区为例,对其太阳能和地源热泵联合运行进行工况模拟,其分析和结论可为严寒地区高速公路服务站区地源热泵系统的长期正常服务提供重要技术支持。     

基于浮动车交通信息采集的虚拟仪器设计

交通数据探测器由于其成本高、覆盖范围小等缺点,很难满足智能交通系统的需求,将虚拟仪器技术应用于浮动车系统可以基本上解决这一问题。介绍了虚拟仪器的概念和特点,并就应用于浮动车交通信息采集的虚拟仪器进行了设计。结果表明,虚拟仪器技术,尤其是与数据融合技术相结合的虚拟仪器技术,在智能交通系统中具有十分重要的作用和广阔的应用前景。     

基于尾号空间分布的小汽车限行方案优化研究

提出根据各尾号小汽车空间分布特征计算尾号出行OD矩阵的方法,基于公平性原则,构建尾号限行方案优化模型.上层模型以工作日(周一~周五)车辆总走行时间最小为目标,以各工作日每辆小汽车早高峰平均走行时间基本相同且每周各尾号限行次数不大于1为约束,给出限号方案;下层模型基于用户均衡原则分配OD交通量.限号方案与分配结果相互作用,达到均衡状态时可得最优限号组合方案.为验证模型,以D市为例进行实证研究,结果表明,与基于经验的限号方案相比,优化方案下路网通行效率可提高5.35%,工作日车辆总走行时间降低0.894×105h,日均单车走行时间减少4.5 min.     

Impact of heavy vehicles on surrounding traffic characteristics

This work examines the impact of heavy vehicle movements on measured traffic characteristics in detail. Although the number of heavy vehicles within the traffic stream is only a small percentage, their impact is prominent. Heavy vehicles impose physical and psychological effects on surrounding traffic flow because of their length and size (physical) and acceleration/deceleration (operational) characteristics. The objective of this work is to investigate the differences in traffic characteristics in the vicinity of heavy vehicles and passenger cars. The analysis focuses on heavy traffic conditions (level of service E) using a trajectory data of highway I‐80 in California. The results show that larger front and rear space gaps exist for heavy vehicles compared with passenger cars. This may be because of the limitations in manoeuvrability of heavy vehicles and the safety concerns of the rear vehicle drivers, respectively. In addition, heavy vehicle drivers mainly keep a constant speed and do not change their speed frequently. This work also examines the impact of heavy vehicles on their surrounding traffic in terms of average travel time and number of lane changing manoeuvres using Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non‐Urban Networks (AIMSUN) microscopic traffic simulation package. According to the results, the average travel time increases when proportion of heavy vehicles rises in each lane. To reflect the impact of heavy vehicles on average travel time, a term related to heavy vehicle percentage is introduced into two different travel time equations, Bureau of Public Roads and Akçelik's travel time equations. The results show that using an exclusive term for heavy vehicles can better estimate the travel times for more than 10%. Finally, number of passenger car lane changing manoeuvres per lane will be more frequent when more heavy vehicles exist in that lane. The influence of heavy vehicles on the number of passenger car lane changing is intensified in higher traffic densities and higher percentage of heavy vehicles. Large numbers of lane changing manoeuvres can increase the number of traffic accidents and potentially reduce traffic safety. The results show an increase of 5% in the likelihood of accidents, when percentage of heavy vehicles increases to 30% of total traffic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

预应力混凝土箱形渡槽日照温度应力分析

阐述了箱形渡槽温度应力产生的原因,根据箱形渡槽的温度边界特点,给出了箱形渡槽日照温差分布形式;并将箱身温度应力分成非线性温差自约束应力和约束应力两部分.通过对某渡槽的计算表明:日照作用下混凝土箱形渡槽槽身外表面将产生可观的温度应力,会导致槽身混凝土出现裂缝,在设计中应配置适当的温度钢筋.     

邻里合乘——社区拼车常态化的探索

为了促进邻里合乘社区拼车模式不断完善以及有效推广实践、实现社区拼车常态化发展,在分析我国拼车发展现状与困境的基础上,探讨了邻里合乘社区拼车的创新理念,包括社区组织、法律支持、签订协议、社会参与四个方面。针对存在的拼车协议缺陷、拼车对象受限难推广的局限,提出邻里合乘的发展建议：扩大活动影响,寻求政策支持,从根本上突破法律等制度的困境;建立由政府支持的社区拼车试点计划,逐步将社区拼车模式推广,最终实现社区全民拼车的常态化。     

对烟囱式和塔式太阳能热力发电系统的分析

开发和利用太阳能是当今世界新能源技术革命所面临的重大课题,尤其是太阳能热力发电对人类环境的改善和电力行业可持续发展具有重要的战略意义．本文阐述了塔式和烟囱式太阳能热力发电系统的基本原理和研究进展,并分析这两种热力发电系统的优缺点,提出了太阳能热力发电系统的研究方向．     

核壳基H_3PW_(12)O_(40)@TiO_2复合膜的制备及其光电性质

以聚苯乙烯(PS)为模板,采用模板法成功制备了新型核壳基H3PW12O40@TiO2复合太阳能电极材料.采用SEM、TEM以及XRD对制得的太阳能电极材料进行形貌、结构的表征,并测量了4种DSSC的开路电压和短路电流.结果表明:H3PW12O40@TiO2复合粒子的粒径为500 nm,复合粒子中的TiO2为锐钛矿结构,H3PW12O40仍保持Keggin结构.并且测得了稳定的开路电压和短路电流,表明H3PW12O40@TiO2复合薄膜电极材料对电解质、染料以及对电极具有良好的适应性,为进一步开发DSSC打下一个良好的基础.     

编组站货车信息管理系统的应用与思考

针对编组站货车管理系统的需求特点和存在的问题,结合当前计算机发展趋势,探讨了编组站货车管理信息系统中各子系统之间的信息共享和系统整合方案,论文以YIS在襄樊北编组站的实际应用为背景,详细研究了提高信息利用效率、优化统计分析、规范故障处理的途径和技术措施,提出了充分发挥各子系统潜能、更好地为编组站运输生产服务的方案.