Effectiveness of travel time reliability indicators in the light of the assessment of dynamic managed lane strategy

ABSTRACT

The aim of traffic management is to ensure a high quality of service for a maximum number of users by decreasing congestion and increasing safety. Uncertainty of travel times decreases the quality of service and leads end users to modify their plans regardless of the average travel time. Indicators describing travel time reliability are being developed and should be used in the future both for the optimization and for the assessment of active traffic management operations. This article discusses the efficiency of certain reliability indicators in an ex-post assessment of a traffic management strategy. Ex-post assessment is based on an observational before–after study. As some factors other than the studied management strategy may intervene between the two periods, and as most reliability indicators require knowledge of the full travel time distribution and not only its average, a methodology is developed for the identification of the impact of these exogenous factors on the whole distribution. Many reliability indicators are split into different parts allowing the identification of the part due to the management strategy impact. The methodology is tested numerically on a managed lane operation consisting of Hard Shoulder Running (HSR) at rush hour on a section of a French motorway. The variation of some reliability indicators appears misleading, whereas the splitting of the indicators increases our understanding of the strategy and highlights its impact. The paper gives the reliability assessment of the HSR field test and discusses different reliability indicators to identify their potential performances and shortcomings.     

停车收费对居民出行方式选择的影响分析

停车收费是调节城市居民出行结构,改善城市交通状况的重要政策,不同停车收费标准对居民出行方式改变程度也不相同. 本文结合南京市停车特征调查数据,基于非集计模型理论,建立包括停车费率以及公交票价等多因素的出行方式选择模型,并利用弹性分析方法,研究居民出行方式选择随停车费率变化的趋势,分析出行方式选择对于停车费率以及公交票价变化的敏感性. 研究得出不同费率标准下,小汽车及公交车出行比例的改变程度,确定停车收费价格的敏感区间,并分别得到停车费率和公交票价变化对出行方式改变的弹性. 研究结论可以为大城市合理制定停车收费价格政策提供理论依据.     

Modeling Correlation of Family Holiday Activities Based on Structural Equation Model

Previous researches in activities-decision have more in-depth study in context of individuals, while less work has been done within household activity decisions. The structural equation model is applied to analyze the relationship of three household activity categories on holiday using data from 2009 Jinan travel survey. Six attributes were first chosen as exogenous variables for the structural equation model. Meanwhile, six activity characteristic indexes were selected as endogenous variables including activity duration time and activity times in three kinds of activity, hereby Subsistence activity, maintenance activity and discretionary activity. respectively. Then, the paper attempted to discuss the correlation of all types of activities behavior through analyzing not only the influence of household economics and family members factors on activity but the correlation of holiday activities. The research shows that complex relationships among composition of the family, economic status, and activities-decision can be captured by the structural equation model structure. Specifically, the results show that flexibility of three categories activities will affect the activities of decision-making.     

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城市交通拥堵已成为影响社会经济快速发展需要重点面对的问题,如何配置各类资源平衡城市交通的供需关系是城市可持续发展面临的最为重要的问题之一.本文通过梳理交通出行成本的内涵与分类,分析了不同种类的出行成本对出行结构的影响机理.同时在北京市针对出行成本对小汽车的使用影响开展了相关调查,并对调查结果进行了分析评估,最后指出,通过经济手段调控小汽车使用的平均出行成本,是调整小汽车的使用,改善城市交通结构、调控交通需求、最终达到缓解城市交通拥堵问题的重要手段.     

公务车税收政策对出行行为的影响

通过对以色列的案例研究,探讨了公务车税收政策对出行行为的影响.以色列的公务车经历了大规模的增长,对公务车的税收政策也进行了一系列调整.调查400名拥有公务车的员工和230名只有一辆私人汽车的员工,结果显示,公务车对出行行为产生了显著影响,不利于交通的可持续发展.公务车税收政策及其实践带来了相当多的额外行驶里程,并刺激员工整个家庭使用公务车出行.公务车税收政策的调整及公司政策的变化,可能会显著影响员工拥有公务车的意愿,并改变其出行行为.     

基于公交智能调度系统的公交换乘算法实现

通过对城市居民公交出行选择影响因素和选择逻辑的分析,利用地理信息系统（GIS）技术构建公交换乘数据模型和公交智能调度系统数据计算出行时间,以此为基础实现以最少换乘次数为第一目标,出行时间最短为第二目标的公交换乘算法。该算法考虑了步行换乘、行驶时间、换乘时间及公交线路上、下行因素对换乘查询的影响,能够较快地提供公交换乘方案。     

天津市双城战略下的交通特征与发展对策

为更好地促进天津市双城空间战略的实现以及城市交通的可持续发展,基于天津市4次居民出行调查,总结改革开放30年来城市交通在出行强度、出行分布、出行结构方面的交通特征与规律。从用地布局和交通模式两方面有针对性地提出了发展对策。用地布局方面,提出提升滨海新区核心区城市职能、注重职住平衡、提倡土地混合利用的发展策略;交通模式方面,针对双城间交通、双城对外交通、双城内部交通提出了具体策略。     

基于客观测度与主观估算的出行疲劳研究

出行舒适度是影响交通方式选择的要素之一,但由于缺少合理的量化方法,其评价长期停滞于定性描述,难以科学反映不同交通方式的服务水平差异。就典型出行环节进行疲劳测定实验,采集不同情况下出行者在单位时间内的客观体能消耗及其对出行疲劳的主观感受;采用自由模量幅度估计估算出行疲劳的主观感受,并与客观体能消耗进行对比。结果显示,车辆行进方式、乘车姿势、乘客负重、车内拥挤程度等均对体能消耗有显著影响,且客观体能消耗与主观感受之间存在显著差异。最后,利用实验结果以北京市和中山市为例进行案例分析,结果表明,在交通方式选择过程中,体能消耗对出行者产生的影响不亚于出行时耗。     

VMS行程时间诱导效益仿真算法

基于宏观交通仿真模型, 提出了可变情报板(VMS)行程时间诱导效益仿真算法, 分析了驾驶人的信息关注率和信息理解偏差系数对VMS行程时间诱导效益的影响。以行程时间计算模型和驾驶人信息响应模型与METANET仿真模型为理论基础, 以路网总耗时改善率为诱导效益目标, 在3种不同规模的路网上进行仿真试验。仿真结果表明: VMS行程时间对于改善路网运行效率通常具有正面的诱导效益; 信息关注率越高, 信息理解偏差系数越小, 诱导效益越显著; 当信息关注率为80%以上时, 小型、中型、大型3种路网的诱导效益分别达到28.89%、15.87%、10.53%以上。可见, 仿真算法有效。     

一类动态交通分配中的输出流模型及其数值解法

已知路段输入流,基于Greenshields提出的速度-密度关系模型以及Jayakrishnan et.al提出的改进的Greenshields 速度-密度关系模型所描述的路段交通流特征,分别给出了关于路段输出流的常微分方程模型.针对无法得到该模型的解析解,利用龙格-库塔-芬尔格算法给出初始条件下的数值解.在已知输出流的条件下,每个时刻的路段交通流的行程时间也相应给出.仿真结果表明,针对两类不同速度-密度关系所建立的输出流模型,所得到每个时刻的输出流基本相似,但路段行程时间存在明显差异.与交通流调查数据比较,基于改进的Greenshields速度-密度关系的输出流模型的行程时间更接近真实情况.