In search of surrogate safety indicators for vulnerable road users: a review of surrogate safety indicators

Surrogate indicators are meant to be alternatives or complements of safety analyses based on accident records. These indicators are used to study critical traffic events that occur more frequently, making such incidents easier to analyse. This article provides an overview of existing surrogate indicators and specifically focuses on their merit for the analyses of vulnerable road users and the extent to which they have been validated by previous research. Each indicator is evaluated based on its ability to consider the collision risk, which can be further divided into the initial conditions of an event, the magnitude of any evasive action and the injury risk in any traffic event. The results show that various indicators and their combinations can reflect different aspects of any traffic event. However, no existing indicator seems to capture all aspects. Various studies have also focused on the validity of different indicators. However, due to the use of diverse approaches to validation, the large difference in how many locations were investigated and variations in the duration of observation at each location, it is difficult to compare and discuss the validity of the different surrogate safety indicators. Since no current indicator can properly reflect all the important aspects underlined in this article, the authors suggest that the choice of a suitable indicator in future surrogate safety studies should be made with considerations of the context-dependent suitability of the respective indicator.     

A Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy with multiclass network equilibria

This paper extends the work on Pareto-improving hybrid rationing and pricing policy for general road networks by considering heterogeneous users with different values of time. Mathematical programming models are proposed to find a multiclass Pareto-improving pure road space rationing scheme (MPI-PR) and multiclass hybrid rationing and pricing schemes (MHPI and MHPI-S). A numerical example with a multimodal network is provided for comparing both the efficiency and equity of the three proposed policies. We discover that MHPI-S can achieve the largest reduction in total system delay, MHPI can induce the least spatial inequity and MHPI-S is a progressive policy which is appealing to policy makers. Furthermore, numerical results reveal that different classes of users react differently to the same hybrid policies and multiclass Pareto-improving hybrid schemes yield less delay reduction when compared to their single-class counterparts.     

就地冷再生技术在高速公路养护工程中的应用研究

就地冷再生技术具有施工便捷、污染小、旧料回收利用率高、节约成本等优势,在公路养护中得到了利用.以S49新扬高速为例,从适用条件、混合料设计、路用性能验证以及社会经济效益等方面,对就地冷再生技术进行系统研究,结果表明就地冷再生技术在高速公路养护工程中应用效果理想,可进行推广运用.     

点汇聚系统的航空器污染物减排效应与机理

为研究点汇聚系统的环境效益及减排机理,采用考虑气象条件修正后的航空器性能、燃油 流量及污染物计算模型,设计了理想条件下非高峰时刻与实际运行的高峰时刻两种场景,对比分 析了航空器在点汇聚系统与标准进场程序中污染物(即HC、CO、NOX、SOX和PM)的排放情况,并 从飞行时间、燃油消耗与排放指数3个方面分析了点汇聚系统的减排机理、识别了减排关键因素。 研究发现：在非高峰时刻,点汇聚系统与标准进场程序的污染物排放总量分别为5.79 kg与7.17 kg, 点汇聚系统较标准进场程序共减少约19.25%污染物排放,对NOX、SOX和PM减排效果显著;在高 峰时刻,点汇聚系统与标准进场程序的污染物排放总量分别为290.01 kg与406.69 kg,点汇聚系 统较标准进场程序共减少28.69%污染物排放,其中NOX减排比例最高可达48.32%。结果表明： 无论是非高峰时刻还是高峰时刻,点汇聚系统都具有良好的环境效益,可有效减少污染物的排放 总量,且对NOX减排效果最佳;较短的飞行时间、较低的燃油流量是点汇聚系统体现减排优势的 关键驱动因素。     

现代物流管理的可持续发展

物流业作为第三利润已经成为新兴重要产业，加快发展的同时必须注意经济效益和环境效益的统一，把发展绿色物流作为推进可持续发展的一个方面加以落实。因此，有必要对现代物流在可持续发展背景下做系统深入地研究。     

香港“城铁一体化”开发模式对城际轨道交通可持续发展的启示

当前国内城际轨道交通的发展对以轨道交通为导向的城市综合开发提出更高的要求,针对性剖析香港铁路发展历程和成功经验,结合相关数据分析,研究城铁一体化综合开发模式对城际轨道交通可持续发展的作用和意义,对该模式下的财务、政策和技术层面的问题进行探讨,提出城铁一体化开发须在政策层面制定相应的权益流程,实施开发建设的集约化;在运营层面体现共赢原则,构建轨道交通运营+效益返还机制;针对城市各区域发展不同步的特点,在一体化建设中采用灵活的预留机制满足分期建设的需求,最终实现轨道交通的可持续发展。     

科学发展模式对经济效益影响的几点建议

落实科学发展观,采用科学发展模式,关键在于结合实际、统筹兼顾、协调发展,将信心和动力通过实际工作转化为经济效益。此文以施工管理和节约能耗为例,阐述大型工程建设应优化资源配置,按施工组织设计配备各类人员,各类材料要按规领取,节约使用和有序囤放。工程管理中应根据建设规模合理选定现场检测点,以节约路途时间和能耗,增加经济效益。     

面向可再生能源利用的集装箱港口环境经济效益仿真

可再生能源具有环境友好、可循环利用等优点,综合利用可再生能源是绿色集装箱港口发展的必然趋势。应用系统仿真的方法量化港口装卸生产能源消耗量,结合环境经济效益计算方法定量分析可再生能源替代传统能源的环境经济效益。以某港区采用风力发电为例,对比分析集卡、岸桥和场桥能源替代后的环境效益与经济效益。     

城市道路拥挤收费实施时机确定方法研究

道路拥挤收费问题涉及交通工程、运输经济、决策博弈等多个研究领域,是广受关注的综合性课题。在弹性需求的多类型用户双层规划次优收费模型的基础上,通过研究不同OD下社会净效益的变化情况,提出了确定拥挤收费实施的OD区间范围和最优点的方法,为找到拥挤收费的合理实施时机提供了理论分析手段。结合上海市中心区道路状况数据,进行了实例分析,验证了方法的有效性。     

农村公路建设的社会经济效益分析

农村公路的社会经济效益是评价项目实施效果的重要依据。在分析了农村公路社会经济效益的产生机理的基础上,建立了一套较完善的农村公路社会经济效益评价指标体系。以浙江省"乡村康庄工程"项目为例,对本文建立的体系进行了检验,取得了较好的使用效果。