饱和度约束的单点有限公交优先控制策略

为减小公交信号优先对社会车辆的影响,在交叉口不发生交通拥堵的前提下,提出了以饱和度为约束条件的公交车有限优先策略,并建立了非优先相位无绿灯时间补偿和有绿灯时间补偿的两种有限公交优先控制策略.用VISSIM软件对比研究了两种有限公交优先策略与无公交优先策略、绝对公交优先策略的效益.结果表明,在所有场景下,与无公交优先策略...     

The tax treatment of company cars, commuting and optimal congestion taxes

In Europe, the preferential tax treatment of company cars implies that many employees receive a company car as part of their compensation package. In this paper, we consider a model in which wages and the decision whether or not to provide a company car are the result of direct negotiation between employer and employee. Using this framework, we theoretically and numerically study first- and second-best optimal tax policies on labour and transport markets, focusing on the role of the tax treatment of company cars. We obtain the following results. First, higher labour taxes and a more favourable tax treatment of company cars raise the fraction employees that receives a company car; congestion and congestion tolls reduce it. Second, in countries that provide large implicit subsidies to company cars, eliminating the preferential tax treatment of company cars may be an imperfect but quite effective substitute for currently unavailable congestion tolls. The numerical illustration, calibrated using Belgian data, suggests that it yields about half the welfare gain attainable through optimal congestion taxes. Third, the favourable tax treatment of company cars justifies large public transport subsidies; the numerical results are consistent with zero public transport fares. Finally, we find that earlier models that ignored the preferential tax treatment of company cars may have substantially underestimated optimal congestion tolls in Europe. The numerical illustration suggests that about one third of the optimal congestion toll we obtain can be attributed to the current tax treatment of company cars.     

美国旧金山湾区捷运系统

介绍美国旧金山湾区捷运系统(Bay AreaRapid Transit System,BART)。论述在旧金山湾区使用BART的重要意义,然后从现有线路、拟建线路规划等方面介绍该线路的总体情况,并对BART的车辆性能以及列车控制系统进行说明,最后分析BART在车票、换乘、环保和安全方面的优势。