Tradable credits for managing car travel: a review of empirical research and relevant behavioural approaches

Recently, there has been a surge of interest in Tradable Credits (TC) as an alternative measure to manage the growth of personal car use. This paper summarises the results and methodologies of studies that have sought to anticipate the behavioural responses to several proposed TC schemes that target personal travel. In a critical reflection on this work and in an attempt to inspire future research, we argue that future empirical studies on TC behaviours can greatly benefit from insights from the fields of behavioural economics and cognitive psychology. Therefore, in the second part of the paper, we bring together behavioural concepts from these fields that are relevant in a TC decision-making context. Based on observations from current TC studies and the behavioural mechanisms identified in the second part of the paper, we propose promising directions for future research on understanding the impact of TC on personal car travel.     

Long-term impact of the Shinkansen on rail and air demand: analysis with data from Northeast Japan

This paper analyses how the high-speed rail construction in Northeast Japan (Tohoku) has affected total demand and interregional travel patterns. We use annual interregional passenger data from 1989 to 2012 and apply regression analysis with the demand between Tokyo and the Tohoku prefectures as the dependent variable. We distinguish particularly between the ‘Full-’ and the ‘Mini-’ Shinkansen, where the latter are branch services running with reduced speed. We find that the ‘Full-Shinkansen’ quickly increases rail and total public transport trips and generates additional rail demand year on year. The ‘Mini-Shinkansen’ impacts are less pronounced. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the Shinkansen has shifted some demand from air to rail once it started operation and increased rail share gradually. We therefore suggest that predictions of demand impacts should carefully distinguish immediate from gradual impacts. We also discuss differences in regional demand in that not all prefectures have gained equally from Shinkansen construction.     

Asymmetry in transport fuel demand: Evidence from household level data

Models for gasoline demand for transportation activities generally assume that demand is perfectly reversible with respect to gasoline price (and income). The small literature which relaxes the reversibility assumption in gasoline demand argues technological fixation leads to this asymmetry and utilizes aggregate time-series model to find evidence in favour of asymmetry. In this research it is suggested that there could also be behavioural factors behind this asymmetric response, possibly due to the loss aversion nature of human beings as described in the prospect theory. For the first time, household level data was used to understand asymmetry in gasoline demand in response to changes in gasoline price and income. There was statistical evidence that gasoline price and income both can induce asymmetric changes in gasoline demand among households. Specifically, elasticity with respect to rising prices and falling income is larger than the elasticity with respect to falling prices and rising income respectively, which is consistent with loss aversion in gasoline purchase behaviour. There was also some evidence of heterogeneity in the asymmetric responses between urban and rural households. The results have implications for transport-related energy tax policies or subsidies, while the method can be applied directly for non-energy goods as well.     

舰船电子元器件自主可控现状与发展需求研究

近年来,我国信息化关键软硬件技术得到了长足发展,特别是基础电子元器件性能有了大幅度提升.然而,在信息化相关的电子元器件技术和产品上与国外还存在较大差距,制约了装备的国产化率和自主可控能力水平的进一步提升.本文分析舰船装备领域基础电子元器件的发展现状,并提出下一步的发展需求建议以及确保基础电子元器件自主可控的具体措施.     

基于滑模变结构的船用永磁同步电机直接转矩控制

电力推进在船舶动力系统中应用得越来越多,本文对船用永磁同步电机直接转矩控制进行仿真研究.针对传统永磁同步电机直接转矩控制中存在的磁链和转矩脉动较大,逆变器开关频率不稳定等问题,将滑模变结构控制策略引入.设计转矩和磁链2个滑模控制器,取代传统直接转矩控制中的2个滞环比较器,再运用空间矢量脉宽调制方法,控制电机运行.仿真结果表明这种控制策略能有效减小传统直接转矩控制存在的磁链和转矩脉动,实现逆变器开关频率恒定,并且对系统参数变化及外界扰动具有鲁棒性强的优点.     

巴黎公共自行车租赁点规划设计

总结了巴黎公共自行车租赁点规划中采用的出行需求预测方法,规划在分区基础上,根据居住人口、就业岗位、商业和设施4种类型,测算各区日均出行次数,进而确定公共自行车租赁点数量及自行车规模。阐述了租赁点定位的影响因素、定位方法及布设原则。详细分析了租赁点的布设方式,明确路边租赁点、人行道上的租赁点和行道树附近租赁点的布设要点,对自行车、停车桩、服务终端等设施也提出了相关要求。最后,在巴黎经验基础上指出,我国部分城市提出的“解决公交出行最后一公里”的公共自行车系统单一功能定位,不利于租赁点的合理布局;租赁点主要布设在人行道的做法也会引发新的交通问题。     

新冠肺炎疫情对民航的影响分析与政策建议

为给政府制定应对策略提供决策支持,基于航班运行数据分析了新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对民航造成的影响。通过分析2003年“非典”和新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对民航影响的差异,基于情景假设对2020年民航运输发展形势进行了预测分析,并提出有关政策建议。研究结果表明：新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情对民航市场需求造成了严重的冲击,2020年民航运输形势不容乐观,预计年旅客运输量同比基本持平或下降10.9%。政府部门需在做好疫情防控期间运输保障工作的同时,加快出台积极的产业政策以支撑民航发展。     

时间社会学视角下老年人对家庭出行行为的影响研究

为阐述家庭微观社会情境中老年人与同住成员之间的行为交互对个体出行决策的影响,本文从时间社会学视角出发,以昆明市有老年人家庭为分析单元,用家庭贡献度量化老年人家务活动的分担程度,构建结构方程模型揭示老年人对家庭成员日常活动时间结构的影响,进而剖析成员间的活动交互影响机理.结果表明：老年人家庭贡献度增加时,成员间在非通勤活动上的交互效用减弱;由于女家长在时间结构上呈现隐形的“时间贫困”特征,其在活动-出行模式上受老年人家庭贡献度的影响显著高于男家长;与此同时,老年人作用下女家长在非通勤活动出行决策时优先考虑家务活动的时间安排,而男家长则优先考虑自由活动的安排.     

大连新建地铁对公交出行选择的影响

为了分析城市新建地铁项目对居民公共交通出行的影响,改善公交服务水平,提高公共交 通的分担率,针对大连市新建地铁线路展开研究。以大连市地铁1 号线沿线站点作为研究区域, 采用SP （Stated Preference） 调查方法,收集了300 名地铁沿线居民对常规公交以及新建地铁两种 出行方式的选择数据。通过建立二项Logit 模型,分析出行成本、换乘时间等选择方案特性变 量,出行特性变量以及出行者特性变量对于居民出行方式选择行为的影响,并计算弹性值及模型 精度。结果表明,通过调整出行成本及换乘时间可有效提高地铁分担率。由此提出相关政策建 议：对于出行成本,可从出行者年龄及出行次数两方面制定不同的优惠政策;对于换乘时间,可 从提高可达性、完善购票系统以及调整发班频率三方面进行改善。     

公共自行车多层次分区调度方法研究

公共自行车发展的制约性问题在于调度滞后,服务水平无法满足用户需求.从时间分布和空间分布两方面分析了公共自行车高峰期潮汐需求规律及其与用地类型的关系.创新地提出以上层调度区域、调度小区和站点为主的多层次分区调度方法.在详细分析了各层次分区流程及相关参数的基础上,提出结合虚拟小区与有时间窗的多目标优化调度模型解决区间调度问题,并且建立了小区内调度的最优路径模型.形成区间灵活调度,区内路径固定的半确定调度体系.案例证明该方法具有较强的可操作性.该方法在保证高峰期及时调度,减少不必要的绕行和拥堵时间,提高调度效率,减少盲目性等方面具有重要意义.