The Coastal Barrier Resources Act: Has It Discouraged Coastal Development?

Despite an effort by Congress to design a market-based public policy to limit development on certain coastal barriers and protect the federal treasury from paying for recovery from expensive natural disasters, growth continued on these shifting sands. In enacting the Coastal Barrier Resources Act, federal policymakers may have overlooked the key role of state and local governments, as well as the role of local developers, landowners, and realtors in shaping development on coastal barriers. By itself, the act will not prevent development. In fact, it appears that development in areas designated under the act will occur if (1) development pressure is strong enough to overcome the disincentives posed by the act, and (2) state and local governments facilitate development. For example, a local government may substitute its own subsidies for those withdrawn by the federal government. Nothing in the act prevents this from occurring. This article examines the key forces affecting development in areas designated under the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (CBRA) and seeks to explain why development has occurred in some designated areas, despite the withdrawal of federal subsidies. Using case studies of selected coastal barriers designated by the act, as well as surveys of state coastal managers and key informants, the research shows that the Coastal Barrier Resources Act, by itself, will not prevent development from occurring in the designated coastal areas.     

十一月份流动族必备物品

01.Moncler羽绒外衣今年秋冬,呼呼的北风袭来时,又是众里寻他需要找一件既保暖又时尚的羽绒外衣的时候。大热的Moncler流行是有它的道理的,现代剪裁的羽绒外衣令笨重的感觉锐减,马上有种恍如黑衣锦卫雪夜巡城的酷酷型格。     

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概括地回顾了一些关于离线(或脱机)交通信号灯优化设计的方法.其中包括用于在孤立交叉口的单点和区域性的联动控制系统.离线方法在设计时一般利用已有调查出来的交通数据作为固定的输入资料，这个跟实时设计方法所要求的从感应器即时检浏出来的情况作为设计依据是有本质上的区别.但一般沿用的信号配时设计方法都需要依靠已刻在行车线道上(允许通行)的方向指示标志为设计基础，但这个方向指示在确定后在整个优化过程中是维持不变的，这就限制了交通流量在线道上的分布，从而大大减低配时的灵活性，在这样情况下优化出来的结果肯定不会是最好的.直至近期，以行车线道为基本单位的配时设计方法(英文名称为Lane-based method;中文可称为线道法)发展起来.这个方法是由传统的Phase-based method(相位法)所演变出来的.线道法不但包含所有相位法的特点，而且更能为原本受约束的线道和配时设计进行全面优化.线道法可在单点交叉口和区域性的联动控制系统上应用.文末提出一些未来研究发展的新方向.     

居民出行分布预测的改进模型研究

出行分布量与小区间现状出行有关,也与连接两小区间的道路网络及起终点的用地性质有关,传统出行分布预测模型都只考虑了这些因素的某一方面,因而在预测中经常会出现与实际明显不符的预测结果。按照出行个体在选择出行目的地时的行为,将影响出行目的地选择的几个重要因素：现状OD、小区用地性质、出行成本综合考虑,并按照影响方式不同,建立出行分布预测模型。计算实例表明,该模型的预测结果优于传统模型。     

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由于在模拟密集网络、宏观问题和方案阶段中的优势，连续性模拟方法应用到交通模型的模拟中，正在得到越来越多的关注。此论文意在为二维连续模拟方法的发展和应用提供综合的概括。首先讨论的是理论的发展和对特殊的或多变领域机理的模拟，然后再针对连续模拟方法应用到工厂选址、道路选择、人行道的规划、政策和社会经济分析进行评论。最后，预测其未来研究的前景。     

Impact of information and communications technology on transport

The impacts of information and communications technologies on transport are examined. First, the wider context of global change is outlined with the growth in the service and knowledge‐based economy, the breakdown of trade barriers, and the development of new patterns of travel. The more traditional views are briefly covered and discussed, and a case is made for longer term, more subtle direct and indirect effects of technological innovation on transport. Three spheres of influence are considered (production, living and working) to help structure the argument and to provide a framework within which to investigate the different information and communications technology applications in terms of their roles and impacts on transport. The review ends with three key unresolved questions that relate to the future of transport demand and analysis, and three further opportunities for using information and communications technology substantially to increase transport efficiency.     

Visitor Preferences for Public Beach Amenities and Beach Restoration in South Florida

Coastal erosion threatens many sandy beaches and the ecological, economic, social and cultural amenities they provide. The problem is especially chronic in South Florida. A frequent solution for beach restoration involves sand replacement, or nourishment, but is temporary, expensive, and has usually been funded by governmental sources. However, as such agencies reduce their share and require more local funding, beach nourishment must rely on other funding sources, including beach recreationists. Our study characterized three South Florida beaches and probed visitor willingness-to-pay for beach nourishment. We found that even beaches within close proximity attract different user types. Users are amenable to higher fees if they lead to greater resource protection.     

Two-dimensional Continuum Modeling Approach to Transportation Problems

The continuum modeling approach to transportation models is now gaining much attention because of its advantages in dealing with dense-network models, macroscopic problems, and initial phase planning. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the development and applications of the two-dimensional continuum modeling approach. The theoretical development and models with specific or arbitrary region configurations are first discussed, and then the applications of the continuum modeling approach to the determination of facility location, route choice, pedestrian flow, and policy and socio-economical analysis are reviewed. Finally, some prospective directions for future research are proposed.     

基于安全可靠性的多类用户交通分配模型

为探究出行安全对用户出行选择行为的影响,提出了考虑事故风险成本和旅行时间的多类用户交通分配模型。针对事故发生的随机性特征,定义了路径出行安全可靠性概念,并以此计算用户的事故风险成本预算,体现出行者的安全偏好。基于考虑事故机会和事故风险的基础事故预测模型,针对路段和交叉口的不同特征,分别定义了路段和交叉口的事故风险成本分布。构建的交叉口事故风险成本模型,体现了交叉口不同转向的事故风险成本的差异性。为了求解基于安全可靠性的多类用户交通分配模型,采用路径配流法和相继平均法设计了相应的求解算法,并通过算例分析了模型和算法的有效性。研究结果表明：安全可靠性在用户出行选择中具有重要影响。当在广义出行费用中考虑事故风险成本时,出行者会更多地选择事故风险成本较小的路径;不同风险倾向的用户会有不同的选择特征,保守型出行者倾向于选择路径事故风险成本标准差相对较小的路径,即事故风险成本波动小的路径,而中立型出行者倾向于选择事故风险成本均值相对较低的路径;考虑交叉口的事故风险成本与否会直接影响流量分配结果,即路径交叉口数量和转向的差异性同样会影响出行者的选择。所提出的模型对于客流预测和网络安全评价与管理具有潜在的应用价值。