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Experimental measurements of stresses and strains for lower extremity injuries(LEI) are invasive, and therefore, predictions require physiologically accurate 3D finite element(FE) models of the foot and ankle. In previous models, skin is typically neglected. However, experimental studies have shown that skin is much stiffer than soft tissue. In this study, the material sensitivity of skin on foot arch deformation is investigated. A finite element model of the foot is developed, incorporating bones, soft tissue, ligament, articulating surfaces, plantar aponeurosis, skin and plantar plate. Balanced standing is simulated without skin or with three different skin mechanical properties. By including different skin models, the foot static vertical stiffness, navicular displacement and plantar aponeurosis strain change significantly, when compared with the model without skin. The study shows that skin, showing a much stiffer behaviour than soft tissue, should not be neglected in the foot modelling. Further,the plantar plate considered in this model can give merit to modelling injuries such as plantar plate tearing. 相似文献
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在越野车领域呼风唤雨的KTM,对在两用车领域称雄多年的宝马心存不服,那是众所周知的"秘密",近年来不断在此领域加大研发和投放力度更是公认的事实。哪怕KTM遮遮掩掩顾左右而言他,明眼的车迷也能从中看出端倪—"冒险"系列的各款,哪一款不是憋着一股劲?而2015款1290 Super Adventure,除了宝马的R 1200 GS Adventure,还有谁更有资格做它的对手?1301m L的排量;118k W的功率;140 Nm的扭矩,使它可以肆无忌惮地傲视群雄! 相似文献