A trace metal (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) balance for surface waters in the eastern Gotland Basin, Baltic Sea

Trace metal inventories and transboundary fluxes were estimated for the surface waters of the eastern Gotland Basin, and a mass balance for this water body was derived.The study area was delineated by a box which bordered vertically by the sea surface and the halocline and horizontally by the coast of Gotland and the coast of Latvia/Lithuania. For the calculation of the trace metal inventories in the box, a high-resolution sampling was carried out during different seasons. Additional sediment trap studies were performed to calculate the vertical particulate trace metal fluxes through the halocline.The following transboundary fluxes have been estimated: (a) atmospheric input of trace metals; (b) lateral transport from adjacent bodies of surface water; (c) diapycnal fluxes of dissolved trace metals at the halocline; (d) sinking of trace metals, associated with particles, through the halocline, (e) vertical advection through the halocline.The lateral transport into and out of the surface box is important for the metals (Cd, Cu, Zn) with “nutrient-like” behaviour. For particle reactive elements like lead, vertical sedimentation and lateral transport out of the box as much as atmospheric input and lateral input into the box are in the same order of magnitude. Turbulent diapycnal mixing plays a minor role compared to the advective fluxes.The estimated range for the residence times for the region under investigation are  0.5–1.3 years for Pb;  2–11 years for Zn,  7–36 years for Cd and 42–89 years for Cu. This demonstrates that the system reacts very fast for particle reactive elements like Pb, while for copper sedimentation processes are not the preferential sink and can be neglected.     

手写输入改变HMI设计

手写输入识别技术通过电容式触摸传感器与先进手写识别软件的结合,为驾乘人员提供了另一种操控车载系统的方式。该技术能够识别各种手写字符,包括拉丁字母和各种亚洲文字,所有这些文字输入都通过手指在触摸屏上书写而完成。汽车已经成为人们日常生活不可或缺的部分。然而,日益拥堵的交通,各种驾驶限制和严苛的法规要求,让驾驶生活变得不再愉悦和轻松。身处现代社会中,人们对于移动互联的要求越来越高,消费者希望无论身处何地都能与外界取得联络。     

Real-time capable vehicle-trailer coupling by algorithms for differential-algebraic equations

The real-time simulation of vehicle trains requires an accurate and numerically feasible representation of the vehicle-trailer coupling. Although the equations of motion for the chassis instances can be reduced to systems of ordinary differential equations, additional constraints on the relative motion of vehicle and trailer are introduced when considering the hitch. In this article, we present a strategy for the simulation of vehicle-trailer combinations, where the algebraic constraints of the coupling are treated explicitly. Although this approach allows exact modeling of the respective joint geometry and realistic calculation of the coupling forces, a suitable numerical algorithm is required in order to solve the resulting differential-algebraic system of index 3 in real-time. The implementation in a commercial vehicle dynamics program is discussed and real-time simulation results are shown, which prove its feasibility for different coupling joints and demanding driving maneuvers.     

应用于DCT同步器的苏尔寿摩擦材料技术

双离合器变速器（DCT）技术在驾驶舒适性以及燃油经济性方面取得了完美的平衡,迄今为止全球约90%的DCT同步器使用了苏尔寿（Sulzer）摩擦材料。     

机车的直接传动

长期以来,设计人员希望能简化电力机车动车的传动装置,尤其是希望去掉传动齿轮.为此对直接传动作了许多研究试验.牵引电动机去掉传动齿轮,必须按传动比发挥相应大的转矩.转矩大小对电机的体积有着决定性的影响.所以不是所有类型的电机都适用于直接传动.文章在永磁同步电机的基础上研究了全弹性悬挂和非弹性悬挂的机车直接传动.     

用于产生多层结构的帘式涂布

多层帘式涂布机只需经过一次涂布操作就能够赋予喷墨打印纸表面三层结构（底层、吸收层和顶层）,并能够在不均匀的纸张表面上获得均匀的涂层