年轻新手驾驶人理想的汽车要素是什么?

年轻新手驾驶人的道路安全始终是一个难题,独立持照并拥有自己车辆的年轻驾驶人是道路上最大的危险。此外,车辆安全是所有道路使用者(包括乘车人员和弱势道路使用者,如骑行者、行人等)在道路交通事故发生时生存率的关键因素。为了更清楚地了解车辆如何被选择,并深入了解年轻新手驾驶人对车辆安全以及其他因素的重视程度,来自澳大利亚两个州的青少年被要求设计他们心目中的"完美汽车"。研究结果对年轻新手驾驶人以及不同年龄段、经验值的驾驶人如何预防伤害并提升安全均具有重要的参考价值。青少年在描绘完美汽车时对安全性以外的要素关注度较高,这些非安全性要素很可能在车辆购买决策中也拥有较高影响。父母和青少年在考虑购车以及与安全驾驶相关的保险及其他激励因素时,应接受关于非安全性要素相关的风险以及安全性要素相关的好处方面的教育。这种奖励和教育应该更广泛地针对各年龄段的驾驶人(和乘客)。此外,该研究方法也是一种创新,通过有目的地介入特定的弱势群体开启其潜在的发声渠道。     

Community Participation in Marine Protected Area Management: Wakatobi National Park,Sulawesi, Indonesia

Coral reef areas are threatened worldwide by growing populations, tourism development, and use of poison and dynamite in fishing in areas adjacent to the reefs. The designation of marine protected areas is one strategy for addressing these problems. Wakatobi National Park, established in Eastern Indonesia in 1996, contains approximately 50,000 ha of coral reefs and a resident population of Sama-Bajo people whose traditions and current livelihoods tie them closely to the sea. The present research, using participatory rural appraisal methods, focused upon the impact of the designation of the Marine Park on their lives and investigated the potential for public participation in park planning and management. The Wakatobi Park Management Plan does not address the needs and interests of local people. Priority should be placed on adaptation of park zoning and protection regulations to accommodate the livelihood requirements of indigenous communities.     

The Cost of Nutrient Reduction: A Case Study of Chesapeake Bay

Over $3.5 billion were spent toward nutrient controls in the Chesapeake Bay watershed between 1985 and 1996. These expenditures were based on cost-shares between federal, state, local, and private sources and should be considered conservative. A comparison of point and nonpoint nutrient control expenditures in the Bay basin showed that about 50% of the funds were directed toward agricultural best management practices and 45% were allocated for point source nutrient reductions and combined sewer overflows (20% and 25%, respectively). The remainder was spent on various other estuarine-targeted programs. Maryland was responsible for 79% of the total expenditures, 16% was expended by Virginia, and the remainder was attributable to the District of Columbia and Pennsylvania (4% and 1%, respectively). The most costly basin was the Patuxent (over $125 per kilogram of total nitrogen removed) and the least costly was the Eastern Shore of Virginia, where the cost was just under $21 per kilogram of nitrogen removed. For the control practices examined, the analysis found that nutrient management was the least costly. Animal waste control and low tillage were the second and third most economical nutrient management strategies. Significant reductions were achieved from point sources for both total nitrogen (16%) and total phosphorus (53%) by 1996. Virtually all of the large reduction in point source phosphorus was a result of the phosphorus detergent ban implemented basinwide in the late 1980s. Nonpoint source nutrient reductions were more modest. An approximate 12% reduction in phosphorus was accompanied by an 8% reduction in total nitrogen loadings. Despite these nutrient reductions, no significant improvements in bottom-dissolved oxygen levels were detected along the Bay mainstem during the warmer months, and the mouth of Chesapeake Bay showed marginally significant degradation during the 11-year period. It was determined that dissolved oxygen conditions were influenced more by nitrogen than phosphorus reductions and that nutrient controls aimed at the mid-Bay region had the greatest potential for improving low dissolved oxygen conditions in the Bay's bottom waters.