原发性骨质疏松症患者骨代谢指标初步研究

目的　探讨原发性骨质疏松症骨吸收和骨形成的生化指标与骨密度关系。方法　分别测定绝经后女性疏松组 (n =2 0 )、绝经后女性正常组 (n =2 0 ) ;中年男性疏松组 (n =2 0 )、中年男性正常组 (n =2 0 )、青年男性正常组 (n =1 5 )外周血钙 (Ca2 +)、磷 (P3- )、血清Ⅰ型前胶原羧基末端前肽 (PICP)、Ⅰ型胶原交联羧基末端肽 (ICTP) ,比较各组差异。结果　各组血清钙、磷测量值无显著性差异 ,绝经后女性疏松组与正常组相比PICP、ICTP值均升高 ,中年男性疏松组与正常组相比PICP值降低、ICTP值升高 ;与青年男性正常组相比 ,PICP值降低、ICTP值无显著性差异。结论　绝经后骨质疏松骨吸收和骨形成均升高 ,但骨吸收大于骨形成 ;中年男性骨质疏松随增龄骨形成生化指标降低 ,骨吸收生化指标增高 ,PICP和ICTP的联合检测有助于骨质疏松的早期诊断。     

Model course to revalidate deck officers’ competences using simulators

In accordance with Part A, Chapter I, Section I/11 Revalidation of Certificates of the Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) 2010 Convention, continued evaluation of professional competence shall be established, among others, by successfully completing an approved training course or courses. Every master, officer and radio operator holding a certificate issued or recognised under any chapter of the convention other than chapter VI, who is serving at sea or intends to return to sea after a period ashore, shall be required, at intervals not exceeding 5 years, to demonstrate continued professional competence, in order to continue to qualify for seagoing service. The main objective of this research is to design a model course using simulation technology to train and demonstrate seafarers’ competence in accordance with the provisions of STCW Code for existing seafarers who need to revalidate their professional maritime certificates also in accordance with the standards governing the use of simulators, Reg I/12 of 2010 STCW Code. The purpose of this revalidation simulation-based model course is to assist maritime training institutes and their teaching staff in organising and introducing specific training courses for revalidation of certificates of competence (CoCs) as well as enhancing, updating or supplementing existing training material where the quality and effectiveness of the training courses may thereby be improved. Only those STCW competences relating to ship bridge simulators will be considered for the model course scenario development and testing.     

Deregulation of inter‐city coach services in Britain

Public transport in Britain has traditionally operated under conditions of regulation. The 1930 Road Traffic Act imposed controls upon the quantity and quality of transport regulations, with an abolition of the quantity controls associated with inter‐city coach services. The principal objectives of the Act were to eliminate restriction upon entry to the market and to promote competition between coach operators.

This paper is based on research which was undertaken to establish the impact of the 1980 Transport Act upon express (inter‐city) coach services in Britain. The effects of the legislation are examined in relation to the experience of various coach operators, British Rail, and the inter‐city traveller. This provides evidence of the way in which the supply of, and demand for, public transport behaves in a competitive, deregulated environment. It is shown that at least in net terms, the consumer has enjoyed short‐term benefits. Greater uncertainty surrounds the long‐term situation. The main competition has been confined to the principal trunk routes and has taken place between the state‐owned undertaking of National Express and British Rail. The outcome of deregulation for the private sector has been disappointing.

The paper identified similarities which exist between inter‐city and local public transport services. In this context, the lessons derived from express deregulation are employed to suggest likely developments in the deregulation of stage carriage (local) services in Britain.     

美国对汽车尾气排放的控制措施

一、概述 30年来,美国政府不断提高严重污染地区的新车和在用车尾气排放标准,在治理机动车污染方面取得了明显效果。提高汽车的尾气排放标准也促成了一些新的汽车尾气排放控制技术和检测与保养(I/M)计划,其中包括:根据车龄制定排放标准或限值;测定催化转换器的有效性;减低造成臭氧的氮氧化物(NO_x);提高检测技术与美国联邦检测规程(FTP)的关联性,