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A. E. Ismail A. K. Ariffin S. Abdullah M. J. Ghazali 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2011,12(2):225-232
An assessment was carried out herein to study the eccentricity of cracks subjected to mixed-mode loadings. Several loading
locations relative to a central line were selected to induce mixed-mode loadings, which were computed using a finite element
method. An adaptive meshing technique was adopted during the simulation of crack propagation to ensure the singularity of
stress at the tip of the crack. The stress intensity failure criterion was used and programmed, and the node splitting technique
was used when the stress intensity factor reached the fracture toughness of the material to simulate crack propagations. It
was found that large variations in the stress intensity factor were observed when off-set cracks were used, and that K
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decreased when loading distance increased, but increased when the off-set crack distance was increased. Both crack eccentricity
and loading distance played important roles in producing mixed-mode loading, compared to the influence of central cracks.
Correction factors were introduced to modify the calculation of stress intensity factors under mixed-mode loadings. Simulations
of crack propagation were also conducted to study the effects of crack eccentricities and loading distances. It was found
that the crack length, the loading distance relative to the central crack and the crack eccentricity dominated calculations
of the integrity of cracked structures. 相似文献
2.
A direct discrete mode choice model is introduced using relative attributes of competing modes as well as socioeconomic characteristics of travelers. The model is calibrated and validated for two available historic databases in the Dallas–Fort Worth region. The validation is conducted against the outputs of a current nested logit model used by the regional planning organization as well as the observed values based on transit ridership surveys for a newly inaugurated commuter rail service. The calibrated model is applied after the introduction of this new transit mode. The results show that the estimated mode shares by the proposed model have a statistically better consistency with the observed values than the estimates of the conventional nested logit model. Unlike the logit model, the structure of the direct model based on relative attributes also has the advantage of not needing recalibration each time a new travel mode is introduced. The model is found to be easier to calibrate and produces more accurate results than the nested logit model, commonly used by many metropolitan planning organizations. 相似文献
3.
The aim of this work was to develop a predictive model to forecast the mean zero-up-crossing wave periods (T
z
) for 3-hourly sea states at a location in the Pacific using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Seven multilayer ANNs were
trained with a simulated annealing algorithm. The output of each trained ANN was used to estimate each of the seven parameters
of a new distribution called the hepta-parameter spline proposed for the conditional distribution of T
z
, given some mean zero-up-crossing wave periods and significant wave heights. After estimating the parameters of the distribution,
the model was used to simulate and predict future values of T
z
. Forecasting a sea state and developing the joint distribution of sea state characteristics with the help of the simulated
characteristics are also discussed in this article. 相似文献
4.
Pablo M. Carrica Farzad Ismail Mark Hyman Shanti Bhushan Frederick Stern 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2013,18(2):166-181
Unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) computations of standard maneuvers are performed for a surface combatant at model and full scale. The computations are performed using CFDShip-Iowa v4, a free surface solver designed for 6DOF motions in free and semi-captive problems. Overset grids and a hierarchy of bodies allow the deflection of the rudders while the ship undergoes 6DOF motions. Two types of maneuvers are simulated: steady turn and zigzag. Simulations of steady turn at 35° rudder deflection and zigzag 20/20 maneuvers for Fr = 0.25 and 0.41 using constant RPM propulsion are benchmarked against experimental time histories of yaw, yaw rate and roll, and trajectories, and also compared against available integral variables. Differences between CFD and experiments are mostly within 10 % for both maneuvers, highly satisfactory given the degree of complexity of these computations. Simulations are performed also with waves, and with propulsion at either constant RPM or torque. 20/20 zigzag maneuvers are simulated at model and full scale for Fr = 0.41. The full scale case produces a thinner boundary layer profile compared to the model scale with different reaction times and handling needed for maneuvering. Results indicate that URANS computations of maneuvers are feasible, though issues regarding adequate modeling of propellers remain to be solved. 相似文献
5.
Fishing is a major local industry in Malaysia, particularly in rural areas. However, the rapidly increasing price of fuel is seriously affecting the industry’s viability. At present, outboard petrol engines are the preferred choice for use in small-scale fishing boats because they deliver the advantages of high speed and low weight, they are easy to install, and they use minimal space. Petrol outboard engines are known to consume a greater amount of fuel than inboard diesel engines, but installing diesel engines with conventional submerged propellers in existing small-scale fishing boats is not economically viable because major hullform modifications and extra expenditure are required to achieve this. This study describes a proposal to enable reductions in fuel consumption by introducing the combined use of a diesel engine and surface-piercing propeller (SPP). An analysis of fuel consumption reduction is presented, together with an economic feasibility study. Resulting data reveal that the use of the proposed modifications would save 23.31 liters of fuel per trip (40.75 %) compared to outboard motors, equaling annual savings of RM 3962 per year. 相似文献
6.
Orang Vahid Amir Khajepour Fathy Ismail 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2007,45(12):1131-1147
In this paper, an in situ method has been used to find the optimum set of body mounts for a given vehicle. The strength of this method is that it does not require the vehicle to be disassembled. Standard noise, vibration and harshness testing procedures are used to obtain frequency response function (FRF) models of the vehicle's subsystems. This is followed by FRF-based substructuring synthesis approach to obtain the overall vehicle model. The model is incorporated into an optimization algorithm to predict the optimum set of body mounts for a desired objective function. The in situ method is presented and applied to an experimental case study of a pick up truck. The experimental results confirmed the validity and effectiveness of this approach in finding the optimum body mount set, resulting in significant reduction in the vibration level of the vehicle. 相似文献
7.
ABSTRACT Marketing policies have gained more importance in container shipping as the industry experiences challenges arising from commoditization. Market segmentation is fundamental to marketing policies, yet it needs a detailed analysis in container shipping. Accordingly, this paper aims to explore homogenous customer groups in container shipping by conducting a segmentation analysis, which can help container lines apply more efficient marketing policies. A survey study is conducted on 356 shippers in Turkey. The study develops five reliable and valid selection criteria factors and applies cluster analysis based on the selection criteria factors. The cluster analysis produces a total of six benefit segments which are differentiable. The segments are significantly identified by the demographic characteristics of shippers. The paper suggests several implications for the marketing policies of container lines. 相似文献
8.
A Fuzzy Logic Direct Yaw-Moment Control System for All-Wheel-Drive Electric Vehicles 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Farzad Tahami Shahrokh Farhangi Reza Kazemi 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2004,41(3):203-221
Summary In-wheel-motors are revolutionary new electric drive systems that can be housed in vehicle wheel assemblies. Such E-wheels permit packaging flexibility by eliminating the central drive motor and the associated transmission and driveline components, including the transmission, the differential, the universal joints and the drive shaft. Apart from many advantages of such a system, unequalled independent wheel control allows vehicle dynamic improvement to assist the driver in enhancing cornering and straight-line stability on slippery roads and in adverse ground conditions. In this paper a Fuzzy logic driver-assist stability system for all-wheel-drive electric vehicles based on a yaw reference DYC is introduced. The system assists the driver with path correction, thus enhancing cornering and straight-line stability and providing enhanced safety. A feed-forward neural network is employed to generate the required yaw rate reference. The neural net maps the vehicle speed and the steering angle to give the yaw rate reference. The vehicle true speed is estimated using a multi-sensor data fusion method. Data from wheel sensors and an embedded accelerometer are fed into an estimator, where a Fuzzy logic system decides which input is more reliable. The efficiency of the proposed system is approved by conducting a computer simulation. The proposed control system is an effective and easy to implement method to enhance the stability of all-wheel-drive electric vehicles. 相似文献
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