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Madan Mohan Guin Hiroharu Kato Hajime Yamaguchi Masatsugu Maeda Masaru Miyanaga 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》1996,1(5):241-254
Determination of the flow structure near the wall is essential for a clear insight into the phenomenon of skin friction reduction
by microbubbles in a turbulent boundary layer. An important parameter, is the bubble concentration or void fraction in the
wall region in drag-reducing conditions. The purpose of this paper is to show drag-reducing effects due to microbubbles in
a water channel and, more importantly, to show the dependence of the drag-reduction values on the near-wall void fraction.
A two-dimensional channel with an aspect ratio of 10 was specially built for this purpose with provisions for air injection
through porous plates. Skin friction was directly measured by a miniature floating element transducer with a 5-mm circular
sensing disk mounted flush on the top wall 67 channel-heights downstream of the injector. The wall friction in the presence
of air bubbles was found to be reduced under the same bulk velocity when compared with the value without air. Detailed void
fraction profiles across the channel were obtained by a sampling probe and a fiber-optic probe. Better collapse of the drag
reduction data, independent of different profile shapes, was found when plotted against the near-wall void fraction than against
a cross-sectional mean void fraction. While this dependence reconfirms that the phenomena are essentially inner-region dependent,
the lack of influence of the bubble distribution patterns away from the wall implies lack of outer region influence. 相似文献
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Masaru Tsujimoto Takashi Uehiro Hiroshi Esaki Takeshi Kinoshita Ken Takagi Susumu Tanaka Hiroshi Yamaguchi Hideo Okamura Masuho Satou Yoshimasa Minami 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2009,14(1):89-103
To acquire the wind energy of the oceans, a sailing wind farm has been proposed. The wind farm considered is composed of a
semisubmersible floating structure, 11 windmills, four sails, six thrusters, and storage for hydrogen. To maximize the acquired
energy, an effective algorithm to search for optimum routes was developed. The algorithm is based on the fact that beam winds
yield a maximum of acquired energy. This feature reduces the computation time, and, consequently, efficient route optimization
becomes possible in a reasonable time. After setting an operational area for the wind farm, navigation simulations for a 1-year
period were carried out. A numerical weather forecast was used as well as the responses of the floating structure, such as
the speed of the structure, the output power of the windmills, and the time of course changes. In the simulation, the wind
farm evades rough seas to avoid structural damage, and an optimum route is searched for. The capacity factor of the system
was used to evaluate the efficiency of the optimized routes. From the simulations, the maximum capacity factor achieved was
42.6%. The dependency of the capacity factor on the initial position of the wind farm was also examined. It was shown that
offshore from Sanriku in northeastern Japan is an area suited to the operation of the wind farm. The effect of the initial
position on consecutive periods of operation is discussed. 相似文献
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Hiroharu Kato Kento Miura Hajime Yamaguchi Masaru Miyanaga 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》1998,3(3):122-129
The formation of air bubbles ejected through a single hole in a flat plate was observed in uniform flow of 2–10 m/s It was
confirmed that the size of the air bubbles was governed by main flow velocity and air flow rate. According to previous experiments,
the size of the bubbles is an important factor in frictional drag reduction by microbubble ejection. Usually bubbles larger
than a certain diameter (for example 1 mm) have no effect on frictional drag reduction. Three different methods were proposed
and tested to generate smaller bubbles. Among them, a 2D convex (half body of an NACA 64-021 section) with ejection holes
at the top was the best and most promising. The diameter of the bubbles became about one-third the size of the reference ejection
on a flat plate. Moreover, the bubble size did not increase with increasing flow rate. This is a favorable characteristic
for practical purposes. The skin friction force was measured directly with a miniature floating element transducer, and decreased
drastically by microbubble ejection from the top of the 2D convex shape. 相似文献
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Hiroharu Kato Tomoaki Iwashina Masaru Miyanaga Hajime Yamaguchi 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》1999,4(4):155-162
The time-averaged velocity and turbulence intensity distributions were measured by a laser Doppler velocimeter in a turbulent
boundary layer filled with microbubbles. The void fraction distribution was also measured using a fiber-optic probe. The velocity
decreased in the region below 100 wall units with an increase in bubble density. This led to a decrease in the velocity gradient
at the wall, which was consistent with a decrease in shearing stress on the wall. The turbulence intensity in the buffer layer
increased at a low microbubble density, and then began to decrease with an increasing microbubble density. Based on the present
measurements, the mechanism of turbulence reduction by microbubbles is discussed and a model is proposed.
Received for publication on Dec. 3, 1999; accepted on April 18, 2000 相似文献
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2005年1月1日,法国运输基础设施融资机构(AFITF)成立,其财源来自国家拨付的资本金、高速公路公司股息和高速公路国有土地使用费等收入。该机构的成立保证了法国运输基础设施建设的财源,体现了国家对必要的运输基础设施建设给予财政支持的积极态度。 相似文献
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The purpose of this study is to verify the efficacy of a route/timetable reorganization methodology focused on a hub-and-spoke schedule bus architecture as well as the introduction of demand responsive transport (DRT) in suburban or underpopulated areas in Japan to accommodate local requirements. 相似文献
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