Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

Fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea (north of Spain)

The diffusive and in situ fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) have been measured and an estimation has been made of the water–atmosphere fluxes of CO₂ in three estuarine systems of the Cantabrian Sea during the spring of 1998. Each of these systems undergoes a different anthropogenic influence. The diffusive fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity obtained present values ranging between 0.54–2.65 and 0.0–2.4 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively. These ranges are in agreement with those of other coastal systems. The in situ fluxes are high and extremely variable (35–284 mmol TA m⁻² day⁻¹, 43–554 mmol DIC m⁻² day⁻¹ and 22–261 mmol dissolved oxygen (DO) m⁻² day⁻¹), because the systems studied are very heterogeneous. The values of the ratio of the in situ fluxes of TA and DIC show on average that the rate of dissolution of CaCO₃ is 0.37 times that of organic carbon oxidation. Equally, the interval of variation of the relationship between the benthic fluxes of inorganic carbon and oxygen (F_DIC/F_DO) is very wide (0.3–13.9), which demonstrates the different contributions made by the processes of aerobic and anaerobic degradation of the organic matter, as well as by the dissolution–precipitation of CaCO₃. The water–atmosphere fluxes of CO₂ present a clear dependence on the salinity. The brackish water of these systems (salinity<20), where maximum fluxes of 989 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹ have been estimated, act as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere. The more saline zones of the estuary (salinity>30) act as a sink of CO₂, with fluxes between −5 and −10 mmol m⁻² day⁻¹.     

试析荻生徂徕关于汉语教育的理论与实践

荻生徂徕是日本江户时代最名的思想、学家和古辞家，同时还是一位出色的汉语教育家。他分析了汉语和日语语言系统的差别，提出从汉语语音教育着手，逐渐增加词汇量，通过大量阅读汉原的实践，最后能够如中国人一样阅读汉书籍。     

多平台信息源的JDBC解决方案

作者阐述了利用JDBC技术解决查询多平台信息源的方法,通过对实验室模拟环境下探索性开发的探讨,提出了使用Servlet与Applet相结合的解决方案。     

客运专线连续梁桥墩线刚度限值探讨

研究目的:近年来,连续梁已成为新建铁路及客运专线的常用梁型。新建铁路一次性铺设跨区间之缝线路已成为趋势,研究连续梁桥上无缝线路纵向力变化规律,探讨客运专线常见连续梁桥墩线刚度限值迫在眉睫。研究结果:提出客运专线常见连续梁桥墩线刚度限值,可指导桥梁和轨道的前期设计。     

Marketing management at the world's major ports

Recent technological developments in maritime transport, particularly in container shipping and larger vessels, are having major repercussions at ports the world over. The latest wave of innovations has increased the level of competition in maritime transport, in particular in port activities. Shippers have many more alternatives available, something that tends to increase the hinterland of each port, precisely by reducing captive hinterlands. Ports are now generally moving towards formulas in which private initiative has a bigger role to play. Increases in competition combined with growth in private initiatives highlight the usefulness of marketing tools in two ways. Externally, because they help to achieve throughputs from remote points of origin and destination, and internally, by aiding the proper coordination of business and organizational activity at a commercial port. The present paper is a transversal study of the current situation of marketing and quality tools at major ports, including the opinions of a range of port commercial and marketing managers. We have also tried to describe the differentiated groups to be found at ports, as a useful methodology for identifying the nearest competition or ports with similar characteristics.     

内波的相似律及其实验室量化模拟关系

弄清内波的相似律和实验室量化模拟关系,是内波缩比模拟试验研究实用化、解决实际海洋中内波相关科学问题和工程问题的前提.本研究从流动的力学相似条件出发,梳理了内波的相似原理,采用内波预报模型分析了分层结构和分层密度差对内波特征的影响,阐明了分层结构相似是内波相似的必要条件,还分析了内波和表面波相似律的制约关系.实验室中分层密度差一般远大于实际海洋跃层的密度差,内波和表面波相似律不能同时满足,缩比实验模拟结果须根据内波和表面波的特征分别按各自的相似准则换算.     

大型基坑施工对临近运营地铁影响分析

某市地铁运营指挥中心大型基坑临近运营地铁车站及区间,其施工会对临近的运营地铁车站及区间产生一定的影响,特别是超近距离的基坑施工,必须对其安全性进行分析。文章运用数值模拟分析对大型基坑施工对临近运营地铁安全性进行评估,并针对近接地铁施工存在的风险提出相应防护措施,以期为本地区类似工程提供解决方案。     

纤维对CA砂浆塑性开裂的影响

为研究纤维对CA砂浆抗塑性开裂性能的影响规律,采用自制开裂试验装置结合图像分析法研究了纤维品种、掺量及长径比等参数对CA砂浆抗塑性开裂性能的影响。结果表明,PVA纤维对CA砂浆抗裂性的影响最为显著,并略优于PET纤维,PP纤维最次;三角形截面的PP纤维抗裂性优于圆形截面的PP纤维;CA砂浆的抗塑性开裂性能随纤维掺量的增大逐渐提高,当体积掺量超过0.14%后,抗裂性增幅趋缓;纤维的长径比对其抗裂性有一定影响,直径相同的情况下,12 mm及3 mm长的PP纤维抗裂性优于6 mm长的PP纤维。研究结果可为CA砂浆用纤维的技术标准提供一定的理论与技术支撑,具有一定的理论和工程意义。     

高速公路路堤和路面软基病害检测及加固处理

某高速公路 K1 0 4 2 0 0～K1 0 6 5 0 0段穿过鱼塘 ,路堤采用钢渣水中挤淤法施工 ,通车后路面出现了严重的纵向裂缝、车辙、沉陷 ,影响了路面的使用性能 ,同时路堤存在滑动的隐患 ,必须进行加固处理。为此 ,首先通过系统检测 ,分析路面裂缝产生的原因 ,然后提出针对性的加固处理方案 ,最终实施加固处理施工 ,所取得的成果对其它高速公路的维修加固具有参考价值