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The impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study aims to measure the impact of major road developments on the spheres of urban influence of Japanese cities.First, the sphere of urban influence is defined by application of an individual behavior model. The model explains the number of trips to representative cities in regions from the residential place of each individual using the following factors; the attractiveness of cities, the travel time to cities and the individual's free time. Development of major roads shortens the travel time, and this causes the change in the sphere of urban influence. The model we propose has the structure to explain this phenomenon.Second, this method is applied to all of Japan where expressways are now being rapidly constructed and, how they change spheres of urban influence is explained. In the application, as a measure of attractiveness of cities, population, commercial and industrial activity, etc. are considered. From these points of view, the impacts of construction of expressways in Japan are estimated. 相似文献
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日本东京羽田国际机场第4跑道规划建于东京湾东侧,2/3位于填海造地的人工岛上,其余1/3位于多摩川河口上,为了疏散河水,该部分采用桥梁结构。对于桥梁部分机场跑道,荷载作用下桥面的变形和桥路基过渡段的不均匀沉降是影响飞机乘坐舒适性和飞行操作安全性的2个主要因素。借助飞行模拟试验,根据飞行员主观评价的调查结果对桥面混凝土板厚度和过渡段沉降标准进行优化。结果表明,桥面板弯沉和过渡段不均匀沉降的增大会降低飞行操作安全性和乘坐舒适性,尤其对舒适性的影响更为明显。依据50%以上的飞行员对道面性能的评价为不舒服或更差这一标准,最终对羽田机场第4跑道桥面板厚度和过渡段不均匀沉降标准进行了优化。 相似文献
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为提高新干线的速度,需要提高输出功率,减小体积,减轻质量,降低供电设备产生的噪声。本文介绍了为E954型新干线高速试验车组开发的3种供电设备。 相似文献
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Yoichi Sumi Hiroshi Yajima Masahiro Toyosada Takao Yoshikawa Shuji Aihara Koji Gotoh Yoshitaka Ogawa Toshiyuki Matsumoto Kazuhiro Hirota Hideyuki Hirasawa Masanobu Toyoda Yasushi Morikage 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2013,18(4):497-514
The rapid enlargement of the size of container ships has led to the application of extremely thick plate in the deck structures, which may grow concerns about the fracture toughness at the butt-weld with large amount of heat input, and the arrest toughness of brittle crack propagation in the base metal of such thick plates. Also, slam-induced whipping stresses might affect the fatigue crack propagation and the initiation of a brittle crack in a container ship. In order to prevent the catastrophic failure of deck structures by brittle fracture, national joint research projects, which focused on the safety-related issues of extremely thick steel plate applied to hull of large container ships, were formed from April 2007 to March 2011 organized by the Japan Ship Technology Research Association (JSTRA) supported by the Japanese Government in collaboration with universities, national research institute, classification societies and relevant industries including shipbuilding, steel manufacturing and shipping companies. The joint research projects have carried out the investigations on crack initiation toughness of the weld, fatigue crack propagation under seaway loading, the potential of defect detection by ultrasonic testing, and the crack-arrest methods after brittle crack propagation. Practical recommendations to prevent brittle fracture of large container ships were proposed based on these comprehensive investigations. The essential parts of the above research activities are presented in this paper. 相似文献
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Yoshitaka Ogawa 《Journal of Marine Science and Technology》2003,7(3):137-144
To develop a practical prediction method for the green water load and volume on the bow deck in irregular waves, model tests
were conducted using a tanker and a cargo ship on a domestic Japanese voyage. The relation between green water load and relative
water height at the stem was considered. Based on the finding that the maximum value of the green water load is proportional
to the square of the maximum value of the water elevation over the bow top, the probability density functions of the green
water load and volume in short-term predictions were proposed. It was verified that the proposed functions show good agreement
with the measured distributions, especially in the tails, and were better than conventional functions. Using these functions,
long-term predictions of the green water load were carried out. It was confirmed that the present method is more rational
than the conventional one for estimating the long-term probability of the green water load. An assessment of the bow height
of a domestic Japanese ship from the viewpoint of deck wetness was carried out using these prediction methods. This research
was used as the technical background for the revision of domestic rules on load lines, which was enforced in October 2001.
Received: July 19, 2002 / Accepted: October 30, 2002
Acknowledgment. Some of the present study was carried out as part of a cooperation project (RR45) with the Shipbuilding Research Association
of Japan, supported by the Nippon Foundation.
Address correspondence to: Y. Ogawa (e-mail: ogawa@nmri.go.jp) 相似文献
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