Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

嵌入式计算机系统中的故障注入技术

故障注入技术越来越广泛地运用于嵌入式系统容错能力的确认和验证中.介绍了几种常用的故障注入技术及其相关原理和特点,并且针对嵌入式系统中的几种常用故障注入工具,描述了它们的体系结构及属性.     

潜艇用嵌入式软件可靠性特点探讨

在对软件可靠性特点、嵌入式系统及其特点分析的基础上，探讨了潜艇用嵌入式软件可靠性的特点，指出提高嵌入式软件可靠性重点应放在软件设计上并注意其与硬件的协调性、同步性，同时探讨了提高潜艇用嵌入式软件可靠性的途径。     

城市轨道交通三维城市景观快速建模方法研究

城市景观是轨道交通三维地理环境的重要组成部分。基于Google Earth软件批量获取城市空间坐标数据和数字正射影像图,实现城市三维地形重建。利用CityPlan建模软件快速建立多种样式建筑物模型,通过数据库实现对建筑物模型空间信息的有效管理。采用skyline软件的二次开发技术,将城市三维地形和各种建筑物三维模型统一集成,实现了用于城市轨道交通线路设计的三维城市景观的快速建立。     

SVM1000型铺轨机组升级改造及其应用

为适应我国高铁建设的需要,在SVM1000型铺轨机组原有的基础之上,通过增加钢轨接头对位器、匀枕器、轨枕提升装置,调整轨迹线、主机控制程序等系列升级改造,实现了SVM1000型铺轨机组升级改造后的新功能,如铺设500 m长轨、钢轨侧翻控制、钢轨接头快速准确对位、精确布枕减少匀枕等,并在工程中成功应用。     

城市轨道交通车站站前折返间隔分析

以不同折返过程对站前折返间隔进行了较详细的分析.从单线折返和双线折返两个方面测算出站前折返的折返间隔,并从运营角度,测算了所需的停站时间.分析了单线折返、双线折返的非等间隔折返、双线折返的等间隔折返各自的优缺点.通过对站前折返影响因素的分析,从设计和应用角度,提出了尽可能缩短站前折返间隔的措施和办法.     

大体积混凝土施工措施

分析大体积混凝土温度裂缝产生的原因,采取相应的技术措施来降低混凝土内部与表面、表面与环境之间的温差,从而避免温度裂缝的产生,确保大体积混凝土施工质量。     

引水洞圆弧形底拱施工技术研究

在引水洞弧形底拱施工中,气泡、水泡的质量通病一直没有得到很好解决。为确保混凝土内在质量及外观质量,通过几种现行的施工方案分析,研制出横向滑模施工装置,总结出横向滑模施工工艺,成功地解决了施工的难题,为类似工程提供借鉴实例。     

兰新铁路提速改造工程挡风墙的设计与施工

介绍兰新铁路提速改造工程挡风墙的设计概况、适用范围、结构类型及施工工艺。     

水泥搅拌桩施工质量控制

水泥搅拌桩是软土地基处理的一项新技术,十多年来广泛应用于公路工程领域。通过沪杭甬高速公路一合同段工程施工实践,对如何控制施工质量,提出实行源头、过程、成品三阶段控制方法,并介绍了成桩试验、施工工艺、仪器监测、试验检测等。