钢筋混凝土圆形桥墩正截面冲击承载力计算

针对工程中频发的桥墩撞击事故,根据欧洲规范(CEB)推荐的率型经验公式,得到对应应变率效应的混凝土动态抗压强度及相应动态断裂应变、钢筋的动态抗压(拉)强度;基于材料动态强度的应力—应变关系,并考虑桥墩截面的局部削弱,推导出冲击荷载下圆形钢筋混凝土桥墩正截面极限承载力的分析和计算公式;在对试验数据分析的基础上,通过算例验证桥墩动态极限承载力计算方法的可行性,并建议了冲击荷载下材料应变率的取值范围。     

Travel demand estimation risk for high‐speed railway transport considering travel price competition

The Hokkaido Shinkansen (HS) bullet train line is under consideration to open in 2020. In this study, travel demand is estimated for the HS. Because some explanatory variables that are used for such estimation can have estimation errors, travel demand estimation risk is also calculated. In addition, because the HS can compete with airlines for modal share, the impacts of travel price competition (TPC) on the travel demand and the demand estimation risk are also estimated. In this study, the travel demand estimation risk is measured as the variance or the SD of the stochastic travel demand. The analysis reveals the following: the modal share of HS is 16% less when TPC is considered than when it is not considered; TPC causes the travel demand estimation risk to decrease; the probabilities of the HS operating at a deficit with and without consideration of TPC are calculated as 31.2% and 1.25%, respectively, and the increase in the mean consumer surplus accruing from the HS is calculated as JPY 47bn/year ($US588m/year) without TPC and as JPY 66bn/year ($US825m/year) with TPC. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.