Experimental ivnestigation on flow fields of viscous fluid around two-dimensional wings and comparison with computational results

To examine the flow field of a viscous fluid around the trailing edge of a wing with respect to the Kutta condition or the Joukowski hypothesis, an experimental investigation into the velocity fields around two-dimensional (2D) wings NACA0012 and NACA4412 was carried out using an X-type hot-wire anemometer in a wind tunnel and the method of colored milk injection in a circulating water channel. The results of these investigations revealed that the flow of a viscous fluid at the trailing edge of a 2D wing is tangential to the face on the pressure side, and that the flow is very slow or reversed on the suction side due to separation when the angle of attack is greater than 7.5°. By flow visualization, a Kármán vortex street was found in the wake of both wings (NACA0012 and NACA4412) when the angle of attack was 5°. These results show that the ordinary Kutta condition with respect to the direction of outflow at the trailing edge is not necessarily satisfied in a viscous fluid, but the Kutta condition with respect to the pressure at the trailing edge is satisfied as usual. Numerical results, which have been obtained as the solution of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations, show good agreement with above-mentioned experimental results. Therefore, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation has proved to be very effective for studying steady viscous flow around the trailing edge of a 2D wing.     

主动导向转向架的多体动力学仿真与试验研究

对主动导向转向架的半车模型进行了多体动力学计算,并进行了滚动台试验,计算结果和试验结果基本一致。将半车模型扩展为整车模型后,进行了计算分析,研究结果表明,主动导向转向架可以大大提高转向架的曲线通过性能。     

Use of cyanobacterial pigments to characterize the ocean surface mixed layer in the western Pacific warm pool

We collected biological and physical oceanographic data simultaneously from shipboard observations and mooring buoys in the Pacific equatorial warm pool during the 2002–2003 El Niño event and found that the vertical profiles of cyanobacterial pigments reflected the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) better than did analyses of the mixed layer by temperature and salinity profiling. Zeaxanthin, an accessory pigment of cyanobacteria, was abundant and almost homogeneous in the warm pool within the surface mixed layer, although chlorophyll a concentrations were low. The intracellular content of chlorophyll a increases with increasing depth and decreasing light in a photoprotective response, but the zeaxanthin content does not change with depth. Hence, we hypothesized that the profile of the ratio of zeaxanthin to chlorophyll a would decrease with increasing depth if the water column were stable, without vertical mixing. On the contrary, vertically constant ratios would indicate vertical mixing. Our analysis using a numerical model showed a good agreement between profiles of these ratios and the profiles of TKE and supported the hypothesis. However, a comparative analysis of the zeaxanthin:chlorophyll a ratio profiles with mixed layer depth based on temperature and salinity data revealed two distinct patterns. In the first pattern, the ratio was uniform in the mixed layer when TKE was strong. In the second, the ratio decreased with increasing depth, even in the mixed layer, because of reduced TKE.     

PMM tests in a circulating water channel and nonlinear analysis

As a result of frequent marine disasters leading to the loss of human life and pollution of vast areas of the ocean, ship manoeuvrability has become a very important characteristic of ship design. Among several recent experimental techniques to determine ship manoeuvrability, the most popular is captive model testing using a planar motion mechanism (PMM). This article describes some tests, analyses, and results of PMM tests in a circulating water channel (CWC) using a model of a training ship. The hydrodynamic forces and moments acting on a model of the training ship Shioji Maru in pure yawing motion were measured, and hydrodynamic derivatives were obtained using two different methods of analysis: singular value decomposition (a least-squares fit method) and Fourier analysis. Derivatives obtained from the tests were used to simulate the turning trajectory of the actual ship, and these were compared with the results of sea trials. The results indicate that both methods of analysis yield fairly similar derivatives. The simulation results were also found to be a close match with the trial results. Received: February 7, 2002 / Accepted: May 14, 2002 Address correspondence to: K. Shoji (shoji@ipc.tosho-u.ac.jp)     

膨胀石墨吸油特性的研究

通过对不同形态和填充密度的膨胀石墨(EG)进行的毛细吸附实验，着重研究了EG的比表面积和填充密度对吸油特性的影响．实验结果表明：细颗粒状EG样品的比表面积从O．624m^2／g到34．20m^2／g显著变化时，对柴油吸附率的改善并不显著；与细颗粒状EG样品相比，大颗粒蠕虫状样品具有更高的吸附率；填充密度的变化对A级重油吸附率有显著影响．     

Limits to resources, economic growth and happiness

Terrible scenario for the future aspect of our society was issued by “The Limits to Growth”. Basic problems that we confront are the restricted natural resources and the environment. Regarding the resources, the overall average of the reserve/production ratio is predicted to fall below 10 years by 2040. Aggressive developments of mines based on the sense of urgency for metal resources cause strong confliction with the environment and the people living there. Resultantly, urban mine becomes more realistic than before. From the view point of ecological foot print, 5.3 globes are needed if all the people living in the world attain the affluent life same as USA. On the other hand, it is clear that we can get larger utility by smaller goods if our scale of satisfaction is reduced. We have to notice that happiness is our ultimate purpose, economy and industry are intermediate, and natural resources support the all from the basis.     

试验台上的轮轨蠕滑力特性

阐述了在微缩试验台对轮轨蠕滑力进行的试验,重点介绍了试验设备、方法和试验结果。     

Basic studies on accuracy management systems based on estimating welding deformations

Accuracy management concerns various aspects of all assembly industries, e.g., final product quality, manufacturing efficiency, and manufacturing costs. In the near future, accuracy management will be even more important in manufacturing systems because of mechanization and automation. This paper considers the concept of computer-aided accuracy management systems, which are based on the concept of integrated manufacturing systems. We propose two management systems, accuracy planning and accuracy estimation, and concentrate on accuracy planning. A model of welding deformations and an easy estimation method for such deformations by computer analysis using the finite element method (FEM) are described. A prototype system based on the accuracy management concept was implemented in the authors' integrated manufacturing systems, and some examples of estimating welding deformations are given here. Translation of an article that appeared in the Journal of The Society of Naval Architects of Japan, vol. 181 (1997): The original article won the SNAJ prize, which is awarded annually to the best papers selected from the SNAJ Journal, JMST, or other quality journals in the field of naval architecture and ocean engineering.     

日本轨道交通列车运行控制系统

在研究日本轨道交通信号系统发展历史的基础上.剖析了日本典型的四类轨道交通运行控制系统总体特征;并从电子技术、计算机技术和通信技术方面分析了日本轨道交通列车控制系统的原理、功能、结构和技术特点.研究了轨道交通列车刹车系统能有效防止列车正面冲撞的原理;分析了轨道交通列车自动保护系统具有列车自动保护的诸多功能;论证了轨道交通列车分布式自动控制系统的功能结构与技术特点.     

Studies on the block positioning metrics system for the hull erection stage

In ship hull production, the accuracy of management activities is extremely important. The block positioning operation in the erection stage is a key process in such management. The quality of the block positioning determines not only the accuracy of the final hull, but also the productivity and cost at the erection stage. We have previously proposed the basic concepts of computer-aided accuracy management. Accuracy management activities consist of "accuracy planning activities" and "accuracy measurement activities." Accuracy measurement activities involve checking and coping with inaccuracy. We have also proposed a system of accuracy measurement metrics: one is accuracy for completion (e.g., straightness, flatness), and the other is accuracy for construction (e.g., the relative joint shapes of each part). This paper explains the detailed accuracy metrics for a block positioning operation in the erection stage. The quality of the block positioning operation is estimated by this system: the accuracy of the completed hull can be evaluated by the concept of tolerance, and the accuracy of the construction process can be evaluated by the concept of labor costs. The prototype of this accuracy metrics system is then implemented. This metrics system is combined with the optimization software program iSIGHT to decide the best block positioning process. Then some examples of the block position optimizing process are shown. Received: November 2, 2001 / Accepted: December 6, 2001