拥挤收费的政治策略

通过收费缓解交通拥堵的政治可行性取决于谁获得通行费收入。指出如果收益被分配给城市,特别是高速公路经过的城市,拥挤收费取得政治成功的可能性最大。与已有的很多建议不同,指出城市是比个体驾驶人和区域政府更有力的收益申索人。基于行为经济学和政治科学理论并结合几个大都市区的数据,对提议进行解析和阐述。在洛杉矶,潜在的拥挤收费收入估计每年接近50亿美元,将这些收入分配至高速公路经过的城市对拥挤收费的实施是有政治影响力和促进作用的。     

Unlimited Access

Universities and public transit agencies have together invented an arrangement – called Unlimited Access – that provides fare-free transit service for over 825,000 people. The university typically pays the transit agency an annual lump sum based on expected student ridership, and students simply show their university identification to board the bus. This paper reports the results of a survey of Unlimited Access programs at 35 universities. University officials report that Unlimited Access reduces parking demand, increases students' access to the campus, helps to recruit and retain students, and reduces the cost of attending college. Transit agencies report that Unlimited Access increases ridership, fills empty seats, improves transit service, and reduces the operating cost per rider. Increases in student transit ridership ranged from 71 percent to 200 percent during the first year of Unlimited Access, and growth in subsequent years ranged from 2 percent to 10 percent per year. The universities' average cost for Unlimited Access is $30 per student per year.     

停车收费合理定价--基于需求的旧金山停车定价模式评价

除少数能够找到便宜停车位的幸运驾驶人外,价格过低和过度拥挤的路内停车位给每个人都制造了难题;其他所有为寻找可用停车位而巡游的驾驶人因此浪费了时间和燃料,导致交通拥堵并且污染空气。价格过高和占用率过低的路内停车位同样存在问题,当路内停车位闲置时,商家失去潜在的顾客,员工失去工作,而城市失去税收。为了解决这些问题,旧金山启动了SFpark项目,通过价格调整实现每个街区有1~2个可用停车位的目标。为了衡量价格如何影响路内停车位占用率,根据项目第一年内超过5000次价格和占用率变动数据计算价格需求弹性。价格需求弹性的平均值为-0.4,但是随时间、地点及其他因素大幅变化。在第一年内平均停车价格下降1%,因此,SFpark调整了停车价格但总体上并未涨价。首次使用测量出的占用率估计路内停车的需求弹性,同时也首次评价随时间和地点而变化的定价模式以用于路内停车管理。指出旧金山可以通过增加驾驶人对变动停车价格的意识,减少残疾标志的滥用以及引入季节性价格调整来改进该项目。其他城市可吸纳绩效停车定价作为拥挤收费的一种形式。     

通过停车收费筹措公共服务资金

很多城市的低收入社区面临两大突出难题：超负荷的路内停车和低配置的公共服务。通过构建一项政策可以同时解决这两个难题：基于市场价格征收路内停车费,并将其收入用于本地公共服务运营。基于北京一处胡同改善项目发现,通过合理收取停车费,该社区用于卫生、治安、景观和停车管理的投资能够在不到三年内回收。同时,该项目社区中只有35%的住户拥有私人小汽车,拥车住户的家庭年收入是无车住户的近3倍。     

寻找路内停车泊位产生的车辆巡游

为寻找路内停车泊位在道路上巡游的车辆是造成交通拥堵的原因之一。首先指出路内停车低价与路外停车高价共同刺激驾驶人选择巡游而非使用路外停车场（库）。其次针对洛杉矶的巡游开展调查,得到车辆平均巡游时耗和距离,并得出每年由此产生的车辆行驶里程、时间浪费、燃油消耗及CO2排放。然后通过分析路内停车价格与车辆巡游的关系,提出城市全日泊位使用率大约为85%时,停车泊位处于供需平衡状态,停车价格较合理。接着以加利福尼亚格雷伍德城停车价格制定及停车收益使用为例,给出停车增量融资的收益回馈方式。最后指出,为了减少拥堵、降低温室气体排放、改善街区环境等,城市应制定合理的路内停车价格并将产生的收益用于改善公共服务。     

Parking subsidies and travel choices: Assessing the evidence

This article reviews empirical studies of how employer-paid parking affects employees' travel choices. A strong effect is found: parking subsidies greatly increase solo driving. When employers reduce or remove parking subsidies, a significant number of solo drivers shift to carpools and/or transit. This conclusion is based on studies of parking subsidies in a variety of circumstances, including central city and suburban areas, private and public employers, and clerical and professional employees. Three measures are developed to compare changes in commute patterns: changes in the share of solo drivers. changes in the number of autos driven to work per 100 employees, and the parking price elasticity of demand for solo driving. The studies reviewed here show that 19 to 81 percent fewer employees drive to work alone when they pay for their own parking. Because 90 percent of American commuters who drive to work receive employer-paid parking, these findings are significant for designing transportation policies to reduce air pollution, traffic congestion, and energy consumption.