Nonlinear ACC in Simulation and Measurement

In this paper an adaptive cruise control (ACC) of a convoy consisting of two passenger cars is designed and tested. For the ACC only on board sensors in the following vehicle are used, communication within the convoy or between the controlled vehicle and electronic systems on the roadside is not assumed. A laser scanner is applied for range measurements, derived from the complete vision data of the area in front of the car. Since the scanner provides the range only, a Kalman Filter is used to estimate the velocity and acceleration of the car. For controller design the concept of flat outputs in connection with the exact state linearization is applied. Moreover, the exact state linearization is combined with a sliding mode control. The control parameters are obtained by an optimization algorithm using optimal tracking formulation. The optimization also guarantees individual vehicle stability as well as string stability of the convoy. It is shown how the convoy is responding to disturbances resulting from initial errors or from velocity steps by the leading vehicle at lower speed in simulation and experiment.     

人膀胱移行细胞癌细胞株BLZ-211的生物学特性

以膀胱移行细胞癌患者的肿瘤标本为材料建立了１株克隆性膀胱癌细胞株ＢＬＺ－２１１,体外培养３年多,传代１５０次,没有支原体污染。生物学特性鉴定：光镜和超微结构显示该细胞具有膀胱移行细胞癌细胞特征。细胞接种裸鼠形成的移植肿瘤与手术标本病理形态一致。染色体众数６３,有特异性的ＬＤＨ同功酶谱,有ｐ１６基因的正常扩增条带。结果提示ＢＬＺ－２１１细胞株是一个研究人膀胱移行细胞癌细胞生物学的实用模型。     

Perspectives of the Expert and Experienced on Challenges to Regional Adaptation for Sea Level Rise: Implications for Multisectoral Readiness and Boundary Spanning

This study focuses on adaptation to sea level rise (SLR) in the specific context of the Hampton Roads region of southeastern coastal Virginia. It analyzes the perspectives of stakeholders who are experts in and have experience with SLR to develop an informed understanding of the region’s ability to address SLR and its readiness to pursue adaptation using a whole-of-community approach. A survey of the expert and experienced reveals (1) what they prioritized as the top three most challenging phases of regional adaptation and (2) what issues within those priority areas were the most pressing. Our findings point to the importance of meso- and micro-level boundary spanning across organizations and the whole of the community to ensure that multiple organizations and individuals in a region can be engaged in adaptation. Finally, this work briefly discusses how boundary-spanning approaches can provide a region a pathway toward overcoming barriers to effective climate-related adaptation.     

真核表达人乳头瘤病毒16型L_1蛋白在检测宫颈癌患者相应抗体的应用

用真核表达HPV16L1蛋白为抗原，酶联免疫吸附测定64例宫颈癌患者血清和阴道分泌物的相应抗体，并用型特异性聚合酶键反应检测宫颈癌组织HPV16L1基因。结果：宫颈癌组血清HPV16L1抗体阳性年64．1％，对照组20．8％；宫颈癌组阴道分泌物HPV16L1抗体阳性率64.1％，对照组25％；宫颈癌组HPV16L1基因检出率为42．2％，对照组10％。有显著差异（P＜0．01）。结论：高危型HPV感染，宫颈癌患者有明显免疫反应，全身和局部无明显差异，真核表达HPV16L1蛋白可用于宫颈癌患者的抗体测定。     

On the perceived justice of urban road pricing: An empirical study in Lyon

Various methods of restricting automobile traffic, by price (tolls) or by quantity (odd/even license plates or limited days of traffic), are tested in a survey (N ～ 400) about attitudes toward traffic restrictions in Lyon, France. Ordered probit models with random-effects panel allow us to estimate the survey respondents’ perceptions of these methods, as well as the roles of individual socio-demographic characteristics in the formation of these perceptions. Both the restriction of automobile traffic and its regulation by congestion (waiting in line) are widely considered unjust by the respondents, regardless of whether they work and whether they are drivers or non-drivers. Their attitudes towards tolls justified by the pollution caused by automobile traffic are less negative. As regards compensation, in addition to emergency vehicles and those that transport people with limited mobility, respondents believe car-pooling ought to benefit of a toll exemption. The support for a reduced rate for low-income users shows a concern for justice to which it will be necessary to respond. The respondents’ socio-professional status, level of education, car use or non-use, and residence inside or outside of the toll zone clearly play a role in their perceptions of these methods of regulation and compensation.     

Can agents measure up? A comparative study of an agent-based and on-line optimization approach for a drayage problem with uncertainty

Experiments studying the behavior of agent-based methods over varying levels of uncertainty in comparison to traditional optimization methods are generally absent from the literature. In this paper we apply two structurally distinct solution approaches, an on-line optimization and an agent-based approach, to a drayage problem with time windows under two types of uncertainty. Both solution approaches are able to respond to dynamic events. The on-line optimization approach utilizes a mixed integer program to obtain a feasible route at 30-s intervals. The second solution approach deploys agents that engage in auctions to satisfy their own objectives based on the information they perceive and maintain locally. Our results reveal that the agent-based system can outperform the on-line optimization when service time duration is highly uncertain. The on-line optimization approach, on the other hand, performs competitively with the agent-based system under conditions of job-arrival uncertainty. When both moderate service time and job-arrival uncertainties are combined, the agent system outperforms the on-line optimization; however, in the case of extremely high combined uncertainty, the on-line optimization outperforms the agent-based approach.     

Between-mode-differences in the value of travel time: Self-selection or strategic behaviour?

Using stated preference survey data, we measure the value of travel time for several transport modes. We find, like many before us, that the value of travel time varies across modes in the opposite direction of what would be the consequence of differences in comfort. We examine three candidate causes for the observed differences: Comfort effects, self-selection and strategic behaviour of respondents. Using experiments with both the current and an alternative mode we find that the differences in the value of travel time are consistent with self-selection and comfort effects. Moreover, respondents having bus as the current or the alternative mode seem not to value comfort differently across modes. Strategic behaviour seems to play no role.     

Automatic Cruise Control of a Mechatronically Steered Vehicle Convoy

In this paper a convoy of two vehicles is considered where the second one is mechatronically operated. The convoy model used for simulation and controller design is derived by the method of multibody systems. A nonlinear cruise controller based on the concept of flat outputs in connection with exact state linearization is derived. A nonlinear local observer is also implemented. It is shown that such a system responds properly to arbitrary maneuvers performed by the driver of the leading vehicle.     

Resolving the impact of short-term variations in physical processes impacting on the spawning environment of eastern Baltic cod: application of a 3-D hydrodynamic model

Variations in oxygen conditions below the permanent halocline influence the ecosystem of the Baltic Sea through a number of mechanisms. In this study, we examine the effects of physical forcing on variations in the volume of deep oxygenated water suitable for reproductive success of central Baltic cod. Recent research has identified the importance of inflows of saline and oxygenated North Sea water into the Baltic Sea for the recruitment of Baltic cod. However, other processes have been suggested to modify this reproduction volume including variations in timing and volume of terrestrial runoff, variability of the solubility of oxygen due to variations in sea surface temperature as well as the influence of variations in wind stress. In order to examine the latter three mechanisms, we have performed simulations utilizing the Kiel Baltic Sea model for a period of a weak to moderate inflow of North Sea water into the Baltic, modifying wind stress, freshwater runoff and thermal inputs. The model is started from three-dimensional fields of temperature, salinity and oxygen obtained from a previous model run and forced by realistic atmospheric conditions. Results of this realistic reference run were compared to runs with modified meteorological forcing conditions and river runoff.From these simulations, it is apparent that processes other than major Baltic inflows have the potential to alter the reproduction volume of Baltic cod. Low near-surface air temperatures in the North Sea, the Skagerrak/Kattegat area and in the western Baltic influence the water mass properties (high oxygen solubility). Eastward oriented transports of these well-oxygenated highly saline water masses may have a significant positive impact on the Baltic cod reproduction volume in the Bornholm Basin.Finally, we analysed how large scale and local atmospheric forcing conditions are related to the identified major processes affecting the reproduction volume.     

Accessibility in the regional CGE framework: the effects of major transport infrastructure investments in Poland

Transportation - Since its EU accession, Poland has invested strongly in the development of fast road transport network. As a result, the total length of modern, high-speed roads has increased from...