Spark Ignition Engine Idle Speed Control Using a Novel Framework and Enabling Control of the Tradeoff between Fuel Consumption and Load Rejection Capability

In this paper, a new framework for idle speed control is presented [The idle control methodology described paper is protected by international patent law]. A simple new discrete event based engine model evolving in the crank domain is given and is parameterized using a combination of dynamic identification and steady state calibration. The majority of the non-linearities can then be inverted and a second synthetic output is introduced. This second output is the torque reserve of the engine and enables control of the tradeoff between disturbance rejection capabilities and engine efficiency. A linear controller is designed using the H 8 loopshaping technique and results are presented from dynamometer based engine tests.     

150 mL以下摩托车达到欧Ⅲ排放标准面临的技术挑战和解决方案

中国摩托车市场中,排量150 mL及以下采用四冲程单缸发动机的车型占主导地位.这种车由于成本低,使用、维修便利,适合城乡使用,已成为非常流行的基本交通工具.欧洲将于2006年开始实行针对摩托车的欧Ⅲ排放标准,中国将在2008年实施等同该标准的第3阶段标准.摩托车生产企业和正在开发高技术含量摩托车的企业都面临着严峻的技术挑战--必须使他们的产品符合新排放标准要求,同时还必须在成本和功能上保持对顾客的吸引力.     

Air–sea gas transfer velocity estimates from the Jason-1 and TOPEX altimeters: Prospects for a long-term global time series

Estimation of global and regional air–sea fluxes of climatically important gases is a key goal of current climate research programs. Gas transfer velocities needed to compute these fluxes can be estimated by combining altimeter-derived mean square slope with an empirical relation between transfer velocity and mean square slope derived from field measurements of gas fluxes and small-scale wave spectra [Frew, N.M., Bock, E.J., Schimpf, U., Hara, T., Hauβecker, H., Edson, J.B., McGillis, W.R., Nelson, R.K., McKenna, S.P., Uz, B.M., Jähne, B., 2004. Air–sea gas transfer: Its dependence on wind stress, small-scale roughness and surface films, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S17, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002131.]. We previously reported initial results from a dual-frequency (Ku- and C-band) altimeter algorithm [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J., Bock, E.J., 2002. A Multi-year Time Series of Global Gas Transfer Velocity from the TOPEX Dual Frequency, Normalized Radar Backscatter Algorithm, In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, editors: Donelan, M., Drennan, W., Saltzman, E., and Wanninkhof, R., Geophysical Monograph 127, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 325–331.] for estimating the air–sea gas transfer velocity (k) from the mean square slope of short wind waves (40–100 rad/m) and derived a 6-year time series of global transfer velocities based on TOPEX observations. Since the launch of the follow-on altimeter Jason-1 in December 2001 and commencement of the TOPEX/Jason-1 Tandem Mission, we have extended this time series to 12 years, with improvements to the model parameters used in our algorithm and using the latest corrected data releases. The prospect of deriving multi-year and interdecadal time series of gas transfer velocity from TOPEX, Jason-1 and follow-on altimeter missions depends on precise intercalibration of the normalized backscatter. During the Tandem Mission collinear phase, both satellites followed identical orbits with a mere 73-s time separation. The resulting collocated, near-coincident normalized radar backscatter (σ°) data from both altimeters present a unique opportunity to intercalibrate the two instruments, compare derived fields of transfer velocity and estimate the precision of the algorithm. Initial results suggest that the monthly gas transfer velocity fields generated from the two altimeters are very similar. Comparison of along-track Ku-band and C-band σ° during the collinear phase indicates that observed discrepancies are due primarily to small offsets between TOPEX and Jason-1 σ°. The Jason-1 k values have an apparent bias of + 4% relative to TOPEX, while the precision estimated from the two observation sets is 5–7% and scales with k. The resultant long-term, global, mean k is 16 cm/h.     

雾封层沥青材料和添加剂的分析与评价

路面再生性的雾封层能减少和预防沥青路面的老化,从而可以减少路面的开裂和松散,使得路面更好更耐久。雾封层的作用是在原有的沥青路面上罩面,起到保护和再生的作用,同时雾封层也可降低水和空气的渗透性。在某种程度上说,渗透性的降低,可以改善路面的防水性能,并且使得粘结剂氧化引起的老化敏感性减少。