Developing an integrated scobit-based activity participation and time allocation model to explore influence of childcare on women’s time use behaviour

Focusing on the influence of childcare on women’s time use behaviour, this paper develops an integrated model of activity participation and time allocation, where the former is represented based on a scobit model and the latter based on a multi-linear utility function under the utility-maximizing principle. The integration of the scobit model with the time allocation model is done by applying Lee’s transformation. Especially, the scobit model is adopted to relax the assumption, made in the Logit or Probit model, that individuals having indifferent preferences over participation and non-participation are most sensitive to changes in explanatory variables. Using a large-scale time use data (66,839 persons) collected in Japan, the effectiveness of the proposed integrated model is empirically confirmed. It is revealed that the probabilities of participating in compulsory-contracted activities and discretionary activities with the highest sensitivity to changes in explanatory variables are 65 and 81%, respectively. Variances of social childcare variables explain about half of the total variance of the time use for discretionary activities; however, for compulsory-contracted activities, social childcare variables explain only less than 1% of the total variance of activity participation and less than 10% of total variable of time allocation.     

An integrated model system and policy evaluation tool for maximizing mobility under environmental capacity constraints: A case study in Dalian City,China

This paper presents an integrated model system for mobility maximization based on a quantified specification of environmental capacity, and evaluates policy interaction and effectiveness by simulating a number of policy scenarios. The system is designed to specify the maximum level of car ownership and number of trips by private and public modes subject to an environmental capacity constraint defined as the frontier emission under maximum system efficiency. Four types of hypothetical policies (population change, urban sprawl, land-use pattern and network improvement) are designed and the effects of 13 policy scenarios are simulated using data of Dalian City, China. Results reveal that the integrated model system reacts sensitively to policy interventions. The urban sprawl reflected in a changing residential distribution from central to suburban areas is most instrumental from the perspective of pollution alleviation. If the goal is to simultaneously reduce emissions while accommodating mobility, two combinational policy scenarios outperform all others.     

Improved Urban Inhabitant Travel Demand Model and Its Application

Transport planners often need to forecast the influence of the transport policies on travel demand, e.g., construction of a new transport alternative, changing public transit fares, or imposing road pricing schemes. Stated preference (SP) surveys are frequently adopted by transport planners for the analysis of the impact of transport policies on travel demand. However, evidence suggests that preferences derived from SP surveys are contingent on context, which indicates that trip makers may show asymmetric preferences for different levels of services. The objective of this article is to propose an alternative conceptual framework for travel demand analysis. It is expected that travel behavior may be heterogeneous across trip makers; response (or parameter of) to the level of service is defined as a function of the attributes of the trip makers. It is also aimed to propose some urban transportation policies based on a new type of discrete choice model. In an empirical demonstration, the panel data obtained from commuters in Lanzhou, China, are used, and support is obtained for several predictions on why behavioral intentions are, or are not, implemented.     

基于SP调查的缅甸仰光市居民收入对其出行方式选择的影响研究

对于缅甸的仰光市而言,鉴于其新的快速轨道交通系统对于缓解城市现在以及将来的交通压力方面的作用,本文将依据SP调查数据对其居民出行方式选择行为进行研究.与发达国家相比,由于发展中国家诸如收入等社会经济环境因素变化相对较快,这就要求我们无论在调查方法还是模型构造上都要反映出这种交通行为决定因素的影响.因此,此次SP调查首先在设计上就反映出了将来的收入以及其他服务水平属性变化的影响;同时,也相应地进行了RP调查.接下来,要对一个RP/SP相结合的交通方式选择模型进行标定;在这个模型中,出行时间和费用的参数被分别定义为将来收入的函数.此次SP（以及RP）调查选在仰光市的一个住宅区进行,时间是2003年3月.调查结果显示,与其他交通方式相比较,被调查的人对新的快速轨道交通系统显示出了极大的偏爱.利用调查上来的数据,本文对所提出的模型结构的有效性进行了验证.另外,模型对将来的模拟分析结果显示：随着收入的增加,将来仰光市小汽车的使用将有一个很大的增加,而新的快速轨道交通系统的利用将因此减少.     

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城市交通系统是一个开放的复杂巨系统，城市交通管理的政策措施会对居民出行行为造成影响，为使城市交通系统能最大限度地发挥效益，一个城市的规划设计人员经常需要对居民出行需求进行了解，城市居民的出行选择与城市交通系统的服务时间、费用、环境及可选交通工具等诸多因素有关，本文从城市居民出行需求角度出发，考虑出行者的性别和职业属性，建立了基于出行费用、走行时间、出行次数的城市居民出行Multinomial Logit 模型，采用Maximum Likelihood方法进行参数估计，并以中国西北部城市兰州市A区为实例，通过计算机模拟仿真拟合计算得到了该区人员出行行为的分析结果，这一结果可作为兰州市交通管理部门制订相关政策，引导市民出行的依据。     

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为提高交通规划与决策质量,有必要妥善处理交通调查无回答问题. 但是在相关研究中尤其在发展中国家此问题常被忽视. 本文统计分析了发展中城市居民出行调查中项目无回答的缺失模式,进一步分析项目无回答作为模型缺失数据对基于期望最大化的数据修补的多项Logit集计的出行方式选择模型的影响. 选择三个发展中城市代表调查无回答的三个等级做案例分析. 首先,根据项目无回答缺失模式,利用Pearson开方检验得出重要的出行者社会经济属性和出行背景因素. 其次,利用基于缺失模式分析的期望最大化估计,处理缺失数据得到无偏数据集作为基准. 此外,利用独立样本的T检验检验了零假设,即有无期望最大化估计情况下的模型参数估计是相同的. 用基于R平方系数的内在效度检验计算估计情况下的模型预测偏差. 最后,考虑缺失数据的影响,评估一个重要的指标——出行时间价值. 结果表明,在发展中城市,问卷回答者和不回答者的社会经济背景存在很大差异. 缺失率和缺失模式均对出行方式选择模型的参数和预测精度有很大影响. 考虑缺失模式的出行时间价值计算表明, 项目无回答对出行时间价值的影响被过高估计了.     

Effects of Item Nonresponses on the Performance of Travel Mode Choice Models for Developing Cities: A Comparative Analysis

To enhance the quality of transportation planning and policy making, it is necessary to properly deal with the nonresponse issues in transport surveys. However, such nonresponse issues especially in developing countries have been ignored in literature. This paper first statistically identifies the missing patterns of item nonresponse (INR) in person trip survey data collected in developing cities and then analyzes the effects of INR on the performance of travel mode choice model (an aggregated multinomial logit model) based on expectation-maximization (EM) imputation method. As a case study, three developing cities representing three levels of INR are analyzed as follow. Firstly, the statistically significant social-economic attributes of trip makers and trip-context factors are identified with respect to INR in the missing pattern analysis by using Chi-Square test method. Secondly, EM imputation based on missing pattern analysis is applied to deal with missing data to obtain the unbiased data set as a benchmark. Thirdly, the null hypothesis that the model parameters estimated with and without imputation are equal is statistically tested using independent-sample T tests and further the internal validity performed in terms of R-squared coefficients is used to identify the discrepancy of model predictions between with and without imputations. Finally, one critical indicator – value of travel time (VOTT) is evaluated considering the effects of missing data. The results confirm that the respondents and non-respondents are quite different in terms of the social-economic background in the developing cities and further show that not only the missing rates but also the missing patterns greatly affect the performance of mode choice model in terms of model parameters and the prediction ability. The calculation of VOTT reveals that the VOTT affected by INR tends to be overestimated.     

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对于缅甸的仰光市而言,鉴于其新的快速轨道交通系统对于缓解城市现在以及将来的交通压力方面的作用,本文将依据SP调查数据对其居民出行方式选择行为进行研究。与发达国家相比,由于发展中国家诸如收入等社会经济环境因素变化相对较快,这就要求我们无论在调查方法还是模型构造上都要反映出这种交通行为决定因素的影响。因此,此次SP调查首先在设计就反映出了将来的收入以及其他服务水平属性变化的影响;同时,也相应地进行了RP调查。接下来,要对一个RP/SP相结合的交通方式选择模型进行标定;在这个模型中,出行时间和费用的参数被分别定义为将来收入的函数。此次SP（以及RP）调查选在仰光市的一个住宅区进行,时间是2003年3月。调查结果显示,与其他交通方式相比较,被调查的人对新的快速轨道交通系统显示出了极大的偏爱。利用调查上来的数据,本文对所提出的模型结构的有效性进行了验证。另外,模型对将来的模拟分析结果显示：随着收入的增加,将来仰光市小汽车的使用将有一个很大的增加,而新的快速轨道交通系统的利用将因此减少。     

Evaluation of an existing bus network using a transit network optimisation model: a case study of the Hiroshima City Bus network

This study evaluates an existing bus network from the perspectives of passengers, operators, and overall system efficiency using the output of a previously developed transportation network optimisation model. This model is formulated as a bi-level optimisation problem with a transit assignment model as the lower problem. The upper problem is also formulated as bi-level optimisation problem to minimise costs for both passengers and operators, making it possible to evaluate the effects of reducing operator cost against passenger cost. A case study based on demand data for Hiroshima City confirms that the current bus network is close to the Pareto front, if the total costs to both passengers and operators are adopted as objective functions. However, the sensitivity analysis with regard to the OD pattern fluctuation indicates that passenger and operator costs in the current network are not always close to the Pareto front. Finally, the results suggests that, regardless of OD pattern fluctuation, reducing operator costs will increase passenger cost and increase inequity in service levels among passengers.