Oriented review to potential simulator for faults modeling in diesel engine

This paper presents a literature review on most of the faults and their models that are considered on a diesel engine. Several faults that may be produced on diesel engine have been analyzed, classified, modeled, and their influences on the global system have been shown. Thus, this paper aims to prepare an important data base on diesel engine faults which may help researchers to develop precise strategies on diesel engine fault diagnosis and prognosis, and also it helps in the development of diesel engine simulators aiming to study the behavior of the diesel engine in the presence of faults. Different fault models such as analytical, empirical, degradation models which may be represented as function of time or as function of the number of cycles, data driven models such as neural network models, or simply constant are presented and analyzed. The global overall models for diesel engine integrating faults are expressed. And finally, the use of these models with the most common failure density distribution functions is proposed giving a more realistic approach to our study.     

Circulation on the Armorican shelf (Bay of Biscay) in autumn

Three drifters drogued at 65 m were launched on a transect on the Armorican shelf of the Bay of Biscay for 4 years. The experiments were conducted in autumn. They revealed a north-westward, poleward current over the 100 m isobath and a very weak eastward current over depths comprised between 120 and 150 m. A model was used to assess the role of residual tidal currents and wind-induced circulation. The results show that the former are quite weak and the latter do not explain the average velocity of over 10 cm s^− 1. It is thought that this current is mainly driven by the density gradient induced by the breakdown of stratification. Hydrological data and satellite images from the period are discussed, in the light of this hypothesis.