Investigation of carriers’ ability to transfer toll increases: an empirical analysis of freight agents’ relative market power

Transportation - Design of effective freight policies requires a comprehensive understanding of freight agents’ interactions. A critical component of the interaction is the freight...     

Costs of air pollutants from shipping: a meta-regression analysis

ABSTRACT

This study estimated the external cost of air pollution from shipping by means of a meta-regression analysis, which has not been made before. Three pollutants, which were included in most of the primary studies, were considered: nitrogen oxides (NO_x), sulphur dioxides (SO₂) and particulate matters with a diameter of max 2.5 micrometres (PM_2.5). All primary studies included damages of health and a majority added impacts on agriculture and estimated the cost of air pollutants by transferring cost estimates from studies on costs of air emissions from transports in Europe. Different regression models and estimators were used and robust results were found of statistically significant emission elasticities of below one, i.e. total external costs increase by less than 1% when emissions increase by 1%. There was a small variation between the pollutants, with the highest elasticity for PM_2.5 and lowest for NO_x. Calculations of the marginal external cost of the pollutants showed the same pattern, with this cost being approximately six times higher for PM_2.5 than for the other pollutants. Common to all pollutants was that the marginal external cost decreases when emission increases. Another robust result was a significant increase in the cost of studies published in journals compared with other publication outlets. These findings point out some caution when transferring constant external unit cost of air pollutant from shipping, which is much applied in the literature, and the cost functions estimated in this study could thus provide a complementary transfer mechanism.     

基于非线性Drive-shaft模型的车辆传动系统冲击响应

建立了包含线性与非线性项的车辆传动系统非线性Drive-shaft模型, 应用具有耗散项的拉格朗日方程将非线性Drive-shaft模型转换为当量化的两质量模型, 通过将两端扭转角等效到同一端获得了传动系统的冲击响应方程, 应用Routh-Hurwitz准则分析了冲击响应方程的稳定性, 获得了稳定性参数区间。仿真结果表明: 将非线性阻尼分别设置为0和线性阻尼的1/10、-1/10时, 冲击响应首个峰值的绝对值分别为0.153 9、0.101 4、0.371 6, 当非线性阻尼为线性阻尼的1/10时, 冲击响应的首个峰值的绝对值最小, 这说明正的非线性阻尼有利于冲击响应的衰减; 将非线性刚度分别设置为0和线性刚度的1/10、-1/10时, 获得的冲击响应首个峰值的绝对值分别为0.153 9、0.178 8、0.115 9, 当非线性刚度为线性刚度的-1/10时, 冲击响应的首个峰值的绝对值最小, 这说明负的三次方非线性刚度有利于冲击响应的衰减; 在固定非线性刚度为线性刚度的-1/10的基础上, 将代表非线性阻尼的系数分别设置为0.1、0、-0.1, 获得的冲击响应首个峰值的绝对值分别为0.078 4、0.114 2、0.231 6。可见, 当代表非线性阻尼的系数设置为0.1时, 冲击响应的首个峰值的绝对值最小, 这表明在传动系统线性刚度及线性阻尼的基础上, 设计负的非线性刚度及正的非线性阻尼可以提升传动系统抵抗冲击的性能。      

S^2 BHCA Multiple AUVs cooperation oriented control architecture

Oceanographic survey, or other similar applications should be the applications of multiple AUVs. In this paper, the skill ＆ simulation based hybrid control architecture （S^2BHCA） as the controller＇s design reference was proposed. It is a multi-robot cooperation oriented intelligent control architecture based on hybrid ideas. The S^2BHCA attempts to incorporate the virtues of the reactive controller and of the deliberative controller by introducing the concept of the ＂skill＂. The additional online task simulation ability for cooperation is supported, too. As an application, a multiple AUV control system was developed with three ＂skills＂ for the MCM mission including two different cooperative tasks. The simulation and the sea trials show that simple task expression, fast reaction and better cooperation support can be achieved by realizing the AUV controller based on the S^2BHCA.     

曲线钢轨抗磨耗损伤技术的应用

文章结合永安—漳平段线路钢轨现状调查,建立了抗磨损研究试验段,通过对试验结果分析,总结出减少钢轨鱼鳞损伤,以及机车轮缘磨耗的措施,为线路钢轨养护提供借鉴经验。     

复合励磁同步发电机的Matlab建模与仿真

通过对Matlab/Simulink中同步电机的内核模型进行改造,建立了双输出绕组的复合励磁同步发电机模型,并对单输出绕组的复合励磁同步发电机的励磁调节特性进行了仿真,仿真结果说明:本文提出的方法简捷有效.     

Mixed analysis of shell and solid elements using the overlaying mesh method

 This article presents a mixed method of analyzing shell elements and solid elements using the overlaying mesh method. In the structural design of a ship's hull, the shell elements are used for the global model. However, the solid elements are necessary to analyze the stress concentration zones or the vicinity of a crack. In such cases, the models are analyzed using zooming analysis, in which the results of a global model analysis are transferred to a local model analysis by imposing boundary conditions. This method is more advantageous than zooming analysis in terms of the accuracy of the solution and the modeling flexibility. Some examples of a plate model with a cracked surface or with a projection are shown in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Received: August 6, 2002 / Accepted: November 25, 2002 Address correspondence to: S. Nakasumi (sumi@nasl.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp) Updated from the Japanese original, which won the 2002 SNAJ prize (J Soc Nav Archit Jpn 2001;189:219–224; and 190:655–662)     

IN SITU EXPRESSION OF THE CELL ADHESION MOLECULE IN GASTRIC CARCINOMA AND CHRONIC GASTRITIS

ＩＮＳＩＴＵＥＸＰＲＥＳＳＩＯＮＯＦＴＨＥＣＥＬＬＡＤＨＥＳＩＯＮＭＯＬＥＣＵＬＥＩＮＧＡＳＴＲＩＣＣＡＲＣＩＮＯＭＡＡＮＤＣＨＲＯＮＩＣＧＡＳＴＲＩＴＩＳＣｈｅｎＧａｏｐｉｎｇ（陈高平）；ＬｉｕＹｏｎｇ（刘勇）；ＲｅｎＨｕｉｍｉ（任惠民）；ＬｉＨｅ...     

Dynamic Simulation of a Smart Crank and Slider Mechanism

In this paper, a smart crank and slider mechanism is analyzed mostly from a dynamic view. By means of dynamic explicit finite element method, 3D nonlinear structure is simulated. It is proved that the mechanism can effectively accomplish smart movement prescribed. And in order to ensure reciprocal movement with higher frequency, measures should be taken to avoid over heating of parts. Compared with internal energy, kinetic energy of total rigid body is dominating, and Y direction equivalent rigid velocity is much higher than X direction velocity. Equivalent rigid velocity of all parts is consistent with respective movement condition. For both energy and velocity, slider effect is dominating. Three direction equivalent inertia force oscillates. Force amplitude in Y -direction is comparitively the greatest.