Impacts of biodiesel blending on freight emissions in the Midwestern United States

We use a combination of petroleum–diesel models, datasets and tools along with biodiesel-specific corrections to create a roadway-level emissions inventory capable of evaluating spatial, temporal and scale aspects of fuel distribution options for the Midwestern US. Specifically, we compare the emissions of a year-round “low-blend” biodiesel implementation scenario, already under consideration in a variety of states, with a more strategic summer-only, interstate-only “high-blend” scenario. Our results indicate that spatial and seasonal distribution decisions do affect the overall emissions impacts of any biodiesel deployment, even those at low-blend levels. However, we also finds that changes in emissions due to biodiesel are considerably smaller than those anticipated from improvements to engine and control technologies.     

Changing patterns of urban travel Part 2. public transport and future patterns of travel

This two‐part paper contains most of a report prepared by TRRL for the European Conference of Ministers of Transport, and presented by one of the authors to the Council of Ministers in November 1984. Part 1, which was published in the January‐March 1986 issue of Transport Reviews, looked at the way cities have been changing over the years and the influence of growing car ownership on trip patterns. This part examines the changes in public transport use in more detail, considers the interactions between the various underlying trends, speculates on future travel patterns by both public and private means and considers the likely impact of land use and transport policies.     

ENHANCED NITRIC OXIDE(NO )-MEDIATED VASODILATIONIN LOW POTASSIUM MEDIUM

ＥＮＨＡＮＣＥＤＮＩＴＲＩＣＯＸＩＤＥ（ＮＯ）－ＭＥＤＩＡＴＥＤＶＡＳＯＤＩＬＡＴＩＯＮＩＮＬＯＷＰＯＴＡＳＳＩＵＭＭＥＤＩＵＭｗａｇｎＹｕ；ＯＳ．Ｓｔｅｉｎｓｌａｎｄ，ＳＨ．Ｎｅｌｓｏｎ，ＡＥ.Ｆｅｅｒｉｃｋ，ＷＥ．Ｊｏｈｎｓｔｏｎｎ（Ｄｅｐａｒｔ?..     

Valuing Estuarine Resource Services Using Economic and Ecological Models: The Peconic Estuary System Study

This article summarizes four integrated economic studies undertaken to contribute to resource preservation and restoration decisions for the Peconic Estuary System of Suffolk County, NY. Completed as part of the National Estuary Program, the studies apply distinct resource valuation methods to a wide range of resource issues. The principal goals of this article are to highlight different methodologies that may be used to assess nonmarket economic values in a coastal management context, and characterize differences in the results that one may expect from each approach. We also emphasize potential relationships among values estimated by different nonmarket methodologies, and comment on the implications of these relationships for the interpretation and use of economic value estimates.     

Restructuring land transport in New Zealand

Restructuring of governmental activities in New Zealand calls for public enterprises to operate in competitive environments. This has created problems for highways and urban passenger transport. Whereas the national airline has been privatized and railways corporatized, legislation for land transport has created a Crown agency that is expected to operate commercially within funding and policy constraints. The problems are assessed as Transit New Zealand attempts to allocate state funds between competing projects using commercial criteria. New roles have been legislated for regional agencies and local governments: they are expected to either privatize service delivery or create public corporations to maintain highways and operate passenger transport. Principles underlying restructuring are examined, and suggestions are made on how agencies might take advantage of opportunities.     

Inclusionary housing in the California coastal zone

Abstract

This article evaluates the performance of the California Coastal Commission's inclusionary housing program by examining: (1) the scope of the housing regulations, (2) initial permit decisions on residential projects, (3) the disposition of these permits overtime, and (4) the composition of completed projects and a best‐case projection of possible project completions. Using a case study of Southern California, factors affecting program success are discussed, including the effects of the various regulations, the availability of project subsidies, local government permit policies, and housing market fluctuations. The authors conclude that such state regulatory programs cannot be expected to succeed in urbanized coastal areas without incentives for developers and augmented state agency authority, superseding local land use controls.     

评《东南亚港埠与政体之兴衰》

<正>本书收录的12篇论文,系20世纪80年代初由东南亚英国学院资助召开的两次学术研讨会的研究成果,令人耳目一新。这些文章对东南亚部分重要地区从古代至19世纪末的贸易与政体之间的相互关系进行了选择性的探讨。不过,书中绝大部分的论文讨论的是1400年之后的情况,当时,贸易的迅速增长限制了该地区传统权力的变动。书中仅有一篇有关阿瑜陀耶(Ayutthaya)的文章考察了东南亚大陆的非马来地区。     

Interaction of vehicle and steering system regarding on-centre handling

For the on-centre handling behaviour of vehicles the steering system is absolutely important. To investigate the interaction of the vehicle and steering system a validated, especially tailored simulation model was developed. Some meaningful vehicle and steering system parameters are altered to show the influence on steering wheel torque, steering feel and understeer. The results underline the importance of an accurate steering system model. Identified measures to improve the centre feel and steering response were a stiffer torsion bar, a higher cornering stiffness or a lower overall steering ratio. The steering response, however, suffers when the centre feel is improved by a higher trail. The steering rack friction reduces mainly the steering response while the steering column friction decreases the centre feel whereas a stiffer torsion bar lessens the understeer tendency.