A welfare cost assessment of various policy measures to reduce pollutant emissions from passenger road vehicles

Policy options to reduce passenger transport emissions in Europe are simulated with the EUCARS model. The EUCARS welfare analysis includes changes in consumer surplus, congestion and tax revenues. Simulations also address consumer myopia, i.e., the underestimation of fuel costs by car buyers. The best policy mix to reduce CO₂ consists of fuel taxes that are combined with differentiated purchase taxes to correct for the assumed myopia. This combination could reduce CO₂ emissions of over 25% without reducing contemporaneous well-being. For the reduction of conventional emissions, an equivalent best mix includes an emissions-based kilometre tax combined with a purchase feebate. This mix allows a 60% reduction in toxic emissions without any noticeable welfare reduction. The overall superiority of these two mixes compared to alternative choices is higher when the evaluation includes a broad group of externalities, a premium on public funds, and positive feedbacks across emissions categories. Local traffic management measures are important zero-cost complements for an overall emissions strategy.     

The convergence of diagonalization algorithms for asymmetric network equilibrium problems

We provide a sufficient condition for the convergence of diagonalization algorithms for equilibrium traffic assignment problems with asymmetric Jacobian matrix B(v) of the link user cost mapping s(v) of the flow v. When

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, where D(v^*) > 0 is the diagonal of B(v^*) and v^* is the equilibrium flow, we demonstrate a local convergence theorem for nonlinear cost functions. The implication of this result for practical applications of the model are outlined.     

Time use,mobility and expenditure: an innovative survey design for understanding individuals’ trade-off processes

A large amount of information is required to model the complex trade-off processes between travel activities, non-travel activities and budget assignment at the individual level. This paper describes the development of a new survey design, which incorporates components of travel surveys, time use surveys and consumer expenditure surveys in an integrated format, which is expected to deliver a richer data set allowing deeper insights into individuals’ activity and consumption patterns. The survey procedure and the incentives paid, which were necessary to obtain acceptable response rates, are also described. Results from two pilot studies using a trip-based and an activity-based diary format are presented. The paper examines to which extent the diaries have been capable of collecting the required data with high quality and response rates. The innovative “Mobility–Activity–Expenditure-Diary” is introduced and results of the main survey using this design are presented. Travel behaviour and non-travel activities were reported at high quality. Expenditures would require longer observation periods (and preferably not only telephone but also personal support in the survey process) to reduce unsystematic variations and to better capture individuals’ long term equilibrium.

     

ICE 3的新设计思想

介绍了德国联邦铁路最新旗舰产品ICE3的运营及其发展情况,着重阐述了ICE3列车编组的车辆配置、车辆内部设备、牵引设备、制动系统、供电系统和诊断系统等,并对ICE系列产品进行了比较。     

User-Appropriate Tyre-Modelling for Vehicle Dynamics in Standard and Limit Situations

Summary When modelling vehicles for the vehicle dynamic simulation, special attention must be paid to the modelling of tyre-forces and -torques, according to their dominant influence on the results. This task is not only about sufficiently exact representation of the effective forces but also about user-friendly and practical relevant applicability, especially when the experimental tyre-input-data is incomplete or missing. This text firstly describes the basics of the vehicle dynamic tyre model, conceived to be a physically based, semi-empirical model for application in connection with multi-body-systems (MBS). On the basis of tyres for a passenger car and a heavy truck the simulated steady state tyre characteristics are shown together and compared with the underlying experimental values. In the following text the possibility to link the tyre model TMeasy to any MBS-program is described, as far as it supports the 'Standard Tyre Interface' (STI). As an example, the simulated and experimental data of a heavy truck doing a standardized driving manoeuvre are compared.     

盖茨传动带在中国的发展

世界上第一根V带是由美国查理·盖茨先生在1917年发明的,同步带的圆弧齿HTD、GT也是由盖茨发明的。盖茨作为在全球传动带领域的先驱者,在中国发展已经有十二个年头了。这十二年来盖茨传动带得到了飞速的发展,品牌得到了广大客户的认同,同时,盖茨的发展是与中国汽车这几年的迅速发展息息相关的。     

为德国联邦铁路制造的新一代电动车组——ICE 3和ICE-T

详细介绍了ICE3和ICE－T的研制方案、编组方式、结构组成和主要设备。