城市道路网络动态OD估计模型

针对以动态交通管理与控制为目标的动态交通需求计算问题,分析了OD量与交叉口转向交通量的动态关系,将其作为新的系统测量量引入,以此建立了同时考虑路段断面交通量和交叉口转向交通量的状态空间模型,得到了基于城市道路网络的动态OD估计模型,给出了考虑不等式约束的卡尔曼滤波递推方程及相应算法过程。利用微观仿真软件Paramics所建立的实验平台对该模型进行了仿真验证。结果表明：应用该模型进行交通量计算,与传统的仅考虑路段断面交通量模型相比,绝对误差平均减少9％,相对误差平均减少20％,而且其能更好地反映交通量真实值随时间变化的情况,计算结果明显优于传统模型。     

吹气式液位测量系统在浮船坞的应用

本文对吹气式液位测量系统原理和在浮船坞中的应用进行全面的分析,并与其它方式的液位测量作对比分析。     

Experimental Research on Atmospheric Electric Field and Extensive Air Shower Particle Increasing During Thunderstorms with ARGO-YBJ

From April lst to August 14th, 2006, thunderstorms had been recorded at Yangbajing Cosmic Ray Observatory by ARGO-YBJ experiment. This paper analyzed the correlation between atmospheric electric field (AEF) and "scaler mode" counting rate during thunderstorm. Counting rates of multiplicities n = 1,2 were found to have a large increase ( from 1.02% to 9.03% ), while there was few or no changes in those of multiplicities n =3 and n≥4 during the thunderstorms. The counts of different multiplicities had different feedbacks on the violent change of AEF, which showed that their energy and most components were distinguishing.     

Rationalizing Reliable Imputation Durations of Genetically Designed Time Delay Neural Network and Locally Weighted Regression Models

Abstract

Estimating missing values is known as data imputation. Previous research has shown that genetic algorithms (GAs) designed locally weighted regression (LWR) and time delay neural network (TDNN) models can generate more accurate hourly volume imputations for a period of 12 successive hours than traditional methods used by highway agencies. It would be interesting and important to further refine the models for imputing larger missing intervals. Therefore, a large number of genetically designed LWR and TDNN models are developed in this study and used to impute up to a week-long missing interval (168 hours) for sample traffic counts obtained from various groups of roads in Alberta, Canada. It is found that road type and functional class have considerable influences on reliable imputations. The reliable imputation durations range from 4–5 days for traffic counts with most unstable patterns to over 10 days for those with most stable patterns. The study results clearly show that calibrated GA-designed models can provide reliable imputations for missing data with ‘block patterns’, and demonstrate their further potentials in traffic data programs.     

确定OD矩阵和路段选择率的方法

OD矩阵推算和交通分配的结果是否符合实际,受所用分配模型、分配率P是否符合实际、路段流量是否经过守恒处理等因素影响。不同的分配参数会对分配率P产生不同的影响,从而影响分配结果,最终影响反推。采用对路段选择率和OD量同时推算的方法,尽量避免由于取值问题带来的误差,从而使推算结果更符合实际。     

Calibrating aggregate travel demand models with traffic counts: Estimators and statistical performance

Traffic counts on network links constitute an information source on travel demand which is easy to collect, cheap and repeatable. Many models proposed in recent years deal with the use of traffic counts to estimate Origin/Destination (O/D) trip matrices under different assumptions on the type of "a-priori" information available on the demand (surveys, outdated estimates, models, etc.) and the type of network and assignment mapping (see Cascetta & Nguyen 1988). Less attention has been paid to the possibility of using traffic counts to estimate the parameters of demand models. In this case most of the proposed methods are relative to particular demand model structures (e.g. gravity-type) and the statistical analysis of estimator performance is not thoroughly carried out. In this paper a general statistical framework defining Maximum Likelihood, Non Linear Generalized Least Squares (NGLS) and Bayes estimators of aggregated demand model parameters combining counts-based information with other sources (sample or a priori estimates) is proposed first, thus extending and generalizing previous work by the authors (Cascetta & Russo 1992). Subsequently a solution algorithm of the projected-gradient type is proposed for the NGLS estimator given its convenient theoretical and computational properties. The algorithm is based on a combination of analytical/numerical derivates in order to make the estimator applicable to general demand models. Statistical performances of the proposed estimators are evaluated on a small test network through a Monte Carlo method by repeatedly sampling "starting estimates" of the (known) parameters of a generation/distribution/modal split/assignment system of models. Tests were carried out assuming different levels of "quality" of starting estimates and numbers of available counts. Finally NGLS estimator was applied to the calibration of the described model system on the network of a real medium-size Italian town using real counts with very satisfactory results in terms of both parameter values and counted flows reproduction.     

Assessing greenhouse gas and related air pollutant emissions from road traffic counts: A case study for Mauritius

The road transport sector is one of the major contributors of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants emissions. Regional emissions levels from road vehicles were investigated, in Mauritius, by applying a fuel-based approach. We estimated fuel consumption and air emissions based on traffic counts on the various types of classified roads at three different regional set ups, namely urban, semi urban and rural. The Relative Development Index (RDI), a composite index calculated from socio-economic and environmental indicators was used to classify regions. Our results show that the urban motorways were the most polluting due to heavy traffic. Some rural areas had important pollution levels as well. Our analysis of variance (ANOVA), however, showed little difference in emissions among road types and regions. The study can provide a simple tool for researchers in countries where data are very scarce, as is the case for many developing countries.     

低滑移率条件下轮速传感器脉冲数相对差值的影响因素研究

通过对捷达轿车的道路试验,研究了汽车行驶速度、载荷及轮胎气压对轮速传感器脉冲数相对差值的影响。试验结果表明,当车速增大时,从动轮(或驱动轮)之间的脉冲数相对差值较小,而驱动轮与从动轮之间的相对差值较大;在正常载荷范围内,载荷对脉冲数相对差值影响较小;脉冲数相对差值与轮胎气压差值的变化近似成线性关系。进行间接轮胎气压监视系统设计时,可以利用脉冲数的相对差值监测轮胎气压的变化。     

标准贯入试验操作中影响因素的探讨

通过对以往工程实践经验的总结,针对试验设备、钻进工艺、作业环境及人为操作的主观因素等方面可能对标准贯入试验成果造成的影响,进行系统、深入的分析和探讨,并对试验中应注意的问题提出建议,供同行们在勘察、试验工作中参考。     

Investigations of interactions between bus rapid transit and general traffic flows

Bus rapid transit (BRT) is a popular strategy to increase transit attraction because of its high‐capacity, comfortable service, and fast travel speed with the exclusive right‐of‐way. Various engineering designs of right‐of‐way and the violation enforcement influence interactions between BRT and general traffic flows. An empirical assessment framework is proposed to investigate traffic congestion and lane‐changing patterns at one typical bottleneck along a BRT corridor. The BRT bottleneck consists of bus lane, BRT station, video enforcement zone, and transit signal priority intersection. We analyze oblique cumulative vehicle counts and oblique cumulative lane‐changing maneuvers extracted from videos. The cumulative vehicle counts method widely applied in revealing queueing dynamics at freeway bottlenecks is extended to an urban BRT corridor. In the study site, we assume four lane‐changing patterns, three of which are verified by the empirical measurements. Investigations of interactions between buses and general traffic show that abnormal behaviors (such as lane violations and slow moving of the general traffic) induce 16% reduction in the saturation rate of general traffic and 17% increase in bus travel time. Further observations show that the BRT station and its induced increasing lane‐changing maneuvers increase the downstream queue discharge flows of general traffic. The empirical results also contribute to more efficient strategies of BRT planning and operations, such as alternative enforcement methods, various lane separation types, and optimized traffic operations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.