大众捷运不断电系统的可用度及可靠度分析

分析单一组件的历时可用度行为,探讨对数常态分布可靠度(中位数tmed以及误差因子EF)和指数分布维修度(平均维修时间MTTR)对其可用度的影响,得出数值分析结果:在固定稳态可用度ASS以及平均维修时间MTTR的情况下,中位数tmed越小(或是误差因子EF越大)的组件历时可用度越早单调下降且下降量越大,越晚回弹至其稳态可用度;在固定稳态可用度ASS以及误差因子EF的情况下,具有越大平均维修时间MTTR的组件历时可用度越晚单调下降但下降量不变,也越晚回弹至其稳态可用度.建立不断电系统可用度以及可靠度的分析模式,探讨正常供电、电池备援以及旁通供电3种不同模式对整体可用度以及可靠度的贡献程度,得出数值分析结果:正常供电模式贡献了绝大部分的整体不断电可用度;不考虑维修作业能力,整体不断电系统的可靠度参数MTTF为1184301h.     

Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions

Vehicles are considered to be an important source of ammonia (NH₃) and isocyanic acid (HNCO). HNCO and NH₃ have been shown to be toxic compounds. Moreover, NH₃ is also a precursor in the formation of atmospheric secondary aerosols. For that reason, real-time vehicular emissions from a series of Euro 5 and Euro 6 light-duty vehicles, including spark ignition (gasoline and flex-fuel), compression ignition (diesel) and a plug-in electric hybrid, were investigated at 23 and −7 °C over the new World harmonized Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC) in the Vehicle Emission Laboratory at the European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra, Italy. The median HNCO emissions obtained for the studied fleet over the WLTC were 1.4 mg km⁻¹ at 23 °C and 6 mg km⁻¹ at −7 °C. The fleet median NH₃ emission factors were 10 mg km⁻¹ and 21 mg km⁻¹ at 23 and −7 °C, respectively. The obtained results show that even though three-way catalyst (TWC), selective catalytic reduction (SCR), and NOx storage catalyst (NSC) are effective systems to reduce NOx vehicular emissions, they also lead to considerable emissions of the byproducts NH₃ and/or HNCO. It is also shown that diesel light-duty vehicles equipped with SCR can present NH₃ emission factors as high as gasoline light-duty vehicles at both, 23 and −7 °C over the WLTC. Therefore, with the introduction in the market of this DeNOx technology, vehicular NH₃ emissions will increase further.