外塌陷角坐标系与摩尔极限应力圆

外塌陷角坐标系是以岩体外塌陷角α和主应力p 0为因变量的岩石力学运算系统。摩尔极限应力圆是以岩石内摩擦角φ和主应力σ1,σ3为因变量的岩石力学运算系统。2个系统的基础力学参数存在对应转换关系。外塌陷角坐标系表示岩体自然塌陷、岩石试验、围岩运动力学关系具有真实统一性。摩尔极限应力圆在岩石试验中能反映岩石基本力学性质,但是几何图形表示的应力不符合一般应力定义,基本公式存在缺陷,岩石试验主、次应力与围岩主、次应力没有建立对应关系。     

Dynamic diurnal social taxonomy of urban environments using data from a geocoded time use activity-travel diary and point-based business establishment inventory

In this paper, we explore the diurnal dynamics of joint activity participation in a small city in Pennsylvania, USA, using behavioral data and an inventory of business establishments. We account for the variation caused by the collective impact of social, temporal and spatial choices of individuals to produce predicted space–time visualizations of activity participation. The focus is on how social contexts of an activity impact the temporal and spatial decisions regarding the activity locations and how this impact varies depending on activity types. A comparison across activity types and social interaction types is made among spatial patterns during a day. The CentreSIM dataset, which is a household-based activity diary survey collected in Centre County (Pennsylvania, USA) in 2003, provides very detailed social interaction information enabling the analysis of social, spatial and temporal aspects of activity participation. In this paper we use this information to develop a spatio-temporal interpolation method and demonstration based on kriging. In this way, we extract the dynamic social taxonomy of places from the behavioral information in the dataset and suggest how urban and transportation models can be informed from the dynamics of places by observing “what is taking place” (activities being pursued in the context of this paper) combined with “what exists” (business establishments) or “what is available” (businesses that are open). The method here can also be used to improve the design of urban environments (e.g., filling gaps in desired activity locations), manage specific places (e.g., extending the opening and closing times of businesses), study transportation policies that are sensitive to time of day (e.g., pricing of parking to discourage crowding and traffic congestion), and modeling of spatio-temporal decisions of social activities in travel demand models (e.g., to guide the development of model specification and representation of the space in which behavioral models are applied).     

What determines commute time choices? A structural equation modelling approach

Abstract

Many researchers have been attracted by the phenomenon of constant travel time, and the time spent on travel has been an important indicator of understanding travellers’ behaviours. This paper is based on a survey conducted in a university in London which includes both objective and subjective variables in relation to commute time and some demographic characteristics. Two conceptual structural models are examined in order to explore the factors determining travellers’ choices. Results of the analysis reveal some interesting relationships: (1) a positive relationship between age and commute time; (2) females are more likely to read or listen to music during their journeys, and their ideal commute time (ICT) and current commute time (CCT) generally tend to be longer; (3) academic staff tend to have the habit of working during their commute, administrative staff tend to commute longer while students tend to spend a shorter time commuting; (4) normally, a habit while travelling is significantly associated with CCT; those with a habit of reading or working during their commute journey tend to have longer commute times and (5) the relationship between CCT and commuters’ ICT and tolerable commute time is positive; both hypothesised causal relationships are significant so that a loop is formed between subjective and objective variables, and thus a dynamic modelling process could be envisaged as temporal sequences of those variables.     

基于动态博弈的城市出租车投放量测算研究

出租车是城市客运交通体系中的重要组成部分,但随着出租车市场的发展和乘客出行需求的变化,出租车行业积累了大量问题,其根本原因还是出租车市场中各利益主体之间利益矛盾难以协调,供需关系不平衡,需要通过调整出租车投放规模来促进各利益主体的和谐发展. 因此,从博弈的视角出发,分析出租车行业中的主要利益关系,构建博弈均衡,并进行博弈均衡解析,结合出租车市场的发展规律和博弈均衡条件,测算出投放规模的合理数量范围. 通过对西安市出租车市场的实证测算,当短期内增加的出租车数量不超过1 908 辆时,各利益主体间利益矛盾最小;从长期来看,当增加的出租车数量为1 223 辆时,能够达成长期的博弈均衡.     

Determinants of modal choice in freight transport

In the next few years, exciting developments in the field of freight transport are likely to occur. The Channel Tunnel will be perceived as giving railways much greater distance of operation, compared to the current train ferry to/from Great Britain. The further development of swap-body technology will allow easier modal transfer and the creation, in 1992, of a single market in Europe will transform the pattern of trade. All of these are likely to have significant impacts on modal choice, and hence modal split, in freight transport. Reappraisal by many firms of the modes of transport used is likely but will it result in a net transfer of freight from road to rail and, if so, to what extent? To answer such questions, an accurate and reliable method of predicting modal split is required. Research in the past has concentrated on the development of modal split models based on generalised costs. These fail to explain adequately the prevalence of road freight in the UK. From surveys of freight managers within industry, it is clear that models to date rely too heavily on the economic cost factor and too little on behavioural factors (Jeffs 1985). This paper derives from a recent study of freight transport modal choice from the standpoint of the transport decision-maker within the firm. It attempts to shed light on the actual parameters which should be incorporated into a modal split model. Many variables appear to exert an influence on modal choice decision-making process. However, it is possible to categorise them into six main groups, namely: customer-requirements; product-characteristics; company structure/organisation; government interventions; available transport facilities; and perceptions of the decision-maker him/herself. It is the interactions and inter-relationships between these which ultimately determine freight modal split. This study has shown that the relationship between the outcome of the transport decision process and the values of particular determinants of modal split is not straight-forward, due to the complexity and variety of interactions involved. Perhaps one of the main reasons for researchers' failure hitherto to develop a successful modal-split model has been the preoccupation with techniques that rely on the development of common metric (e.g. generalised cost), which has led to the exclusion of some important explanatory variables along quite different dimensions. Another important issue concerns the appropriate level of aggregation. In order not to reduce the explanatory power of the key variables, it is important to work at a disaggregate level, although this does make substantial demands on data. The use of factor analysis enables both the aggregation of information without loss of behavioural reality and the specification of variables in terms of a common metric. In conclusion, freight transport has usually been examined within too narrow a framework. It must be placed firmly within the context of the total industrial process. The demand for freight transport is directly influenced by the level, composition and geographical distribution of production and consumption activities. Freight flows are complex and so it is highly unlikely that a universal mode-choice model can ever be developed. Future research should, therefore, be directed towards developing partial models in response to specific needs of those involved in decision-taking in the freight sector.     

加强收费站“四化”管理 努力构建和谐征缴关系

"四化"管理作为一种理念,对公路工作有着很强的指导性和针对性。实施"四化"管理,对实现收费公路科学发展、和谐发展和可持续发展有着深远的意义。构建和谐征缴关系,最关键就是处理好征费管理者与服务对象的关系。理顺征缴关系,就是要理顺缴费群体和内部事务关系。抓住"以人为本",促进征缴双方和谐,才能实现通行费征收事业全面协调发展。     

Battening down the hatches: How should the maritime industries weather the financial tsunami?

This paper investigates the major impacts of the financial tsunami on the maritime industries, notably port and shipping. The maritime industries are still reeling from market declines, with stakeholders still attempting to weather the storm as best as they can through various strategies. However, such strategies are not uniform, where significant diversifications have been noted between major markets and stakeholders. Looking ahead, this paper has identified four major issues, of which they are believed to play key roles in shaping the maritime industries in the post-2008 world. They include the changing patterns of global trades, the importance of being green, the changing government-industrial relations and the need for transparency. Each of these issues has the potential to alter the future maritime industries in diversified, but significant, ways.     

Guidance for new policy developments on railway noise and vibration

Noise and vibration are two of the main problems associated with railways in residential areas. To ensure quality of life and well-being of inhabitants living in the vicinity of railway paths, it is important to evaluate, understand, control and regulate railway noise and vibration. Much attention has been focused on the impact of noise from railway traffic but the consideration of railway-induced vibration has often been neglected. This paper aims to provide policy guidance based on results obtained from the analyses of relationships estimated from ordinal logit models between human response, railway noise exposure and railway vibration exposure. This was achieved using data from case studies comprised of face-to-face interviews (N = 931), internal vibration measurements (N = 755), and noise calculations (N = 688) collected within the study “Human Response to Vibration in Residential Environments” by the University of Salford, UK. Firstly, the implications of neglecting vibration in railway noise policies are investigated. The findings suggest that it is important to account for railway induced vibrations in future noise and transport policies, as neglecting vibrations results in an underestimation of people highly annoyed by noise. Secondly, implications of neglecting different types of railway sources are presented. It was found that the impact of noise and vibration form maintenance operations should be better understood and should be taken into account when assessing the environmental impact of railways in residential environments. Finally, factors that were found to influence railway vibration annoyance are presented and expressed as weightings. The data shows that factors specific to a particular residential area should also be taken into account in future vibration policies as the literature shows that attitudinal, socio-demographic and situational factors have a large influence on vibration annoyance responses. This work will be of interest to researchers and environmental health practitioners involved in the assessment of vibration complaints, as well as to policy makers, planners and consultants involved in the design of buildings and railways.     

SVN版本分支图的缺陷分析及改进方案

Subversion（SVN）是一种开源免费的版本控制软件,它具有完备的版本管理功能和诸多优点,受到越来越多人的关注和使用。本文分析了SVN版本分支图的缺陷,指出其缺少分支间的作用关系。从SVN的设计理念着手,分析了缺陷的根源,对几种方案进行了分析和比较,最后提出了自己的改进方案。最后指出了SVN的其他一些待解决缺陷。     

Linking ocean container carrier capabilities to shipper–carrier relationships: a case study

ABSTRACT

As outsourcing and offshoring continue to expand, the ocean container industry serves a critical and still increasing role in supporting global trade. Yet, perceived commoditization and intense price competition among ocean container carriers limit opportunities for competitive advantage and formation of long-term shipper–carrier relationships. This environment ultimately yields an unhealthy industry that threatens the stability of global supply chains. Extant literature provides limited insight into how carriers can build strong relationships with shippers to overcome the short-term, transactional-orientation of the industry. Examining a case study of a major ocean container carrier, we apply structural equation modeling to shipper survey data to explore how carrier operational, service, and pricing capabilities influence the strength of the long-term shipper–carrier relationship. Furthermore, we identify unique clusters of shipper needs, helping the carrier understand when and how to promote a particular portfolio of capabilities to customers.