总布置设计对行人保护的重要影响

随着经济的迅速发展,我国已成为世界上重要的汽车生产和消费国之一。汽车迅速发展带来的后果是汽车安全事故的频发。为了有效地控制汽车事故中行人的伤亡率,文章介绍了欧盟强制法规的碰撞条件及评价分值,以约束汽车结构和性能,增加行人安全系数。分析了在前期总布置中设计对行人保护有作用的造型和结构。指出总布置工作对整车安全和行人安全起到了非常关键的作用,越来越受到各个厂家和消费群体的重视。     

国内乘用车对行人下腿碰撞保护现状

为研究我国国内乘用车对行人下腿型碰撞保护现状,文章以35款国内车型下腿型碰撞试验为基础,对试验结果数据进行了数据分段统计,并根据试验条件对结果数据进行了分析,从数据整体分布、车型特点及碰撞区域特征3个方面展开论述,提出了国内车型在改善行人下腿型碰撞保护性能方面亟需解决的问题和应当深入研究的方向。最后对行人下腿型碰撞保护试验的发展趋势进行了展望。     

行人-汽车碰撞试验腿部模块的可变形膝关节参数设计

根据行人-汽车碰撞中对行人腿部碰撞保护相关技术法规的要求,针对行人下肢的损伤机理,分析了腿部可变形膝关节部件的设计方法。通过力学模型的建立和分析,提出了确定膝关节部件结构类型、尺寸和材料的力学计算方法以及部件标定试验验证方案。经算例和部件的标定试验验证,该设计方法满足EEVCWG10的弯曲部分技术要求,可变形膝关节设计原理和分析方法可以为其他行人腿部模块技术规范中的部件设计提供参考。     

相容性车身及行人假人

近年来,随着各国正面碰撞试验法规的实施,汽车的碰撞安全性能有了显著的提高。然而,由于在碰撞中存在两车辆的“质量”、“刚度”和“结构”并不相同的情况,当大车与小车发生正面碰撞时,往往会导致小车乘员舱产生比较大的变形,因此提高小车的自我保护性能就显得尤为重要。为了达到正面碰撞中两车的相容性,本文介绍了一种新型车身结构在实车中的应用情况,以及其提升车辆安全性能的作用,并简要介绍了本田汽车公司在行人保护方面所做的研究。     

Severity of injury resulting from pedestrian–vehicle crashes: What can we learn from examining the built environment?

This paper examines the impact of personal and environmental characteristics on severity of injuries sustained in pedestrian–vehicle crashes using a generalized ordered probit model. The data covers 2000–2004 of pedestrian–vehicle crashes taken from police incident reports for Baltimore City and supplemented with local land use, urban form and transportation information specific to the individual crash locations. The results on personal and behavioral variables confirm previous findings. Women pedestrians involved in crashes tend to be injured less frequently than their male counterparts; children have an increased likelihood of sustaining injuries and older persons are more likely to be fatally injured. Pedestrians who cross against the traffic signal, are not in a crosswalk and are involved in a crash after dark are associated with greater injury risk. Of the built environment policy variables of interest, transit access and greater pedestrian connectivity, such as central city areas, are significant and negatively associated with injury severity. These results suggest that the environmental conditions should be given more scrutiny and be an important consideration when evaluating and planning for pedestrian safety.     

Collection, spillback, and dissipation in pedestrian evacuation: A network-based method

We present a method of predicting pedestrian route choice behavior and physical congestion during the evacuation of indoor areas with internal obstacles. Under the proposed method, a network is first constructed by discretizing the space into regular hexagonal cells and giving these cells potentials before a modified cell transmission model is employed to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow in the network over time and space. Several properties of this cell transmission model are explored. The method can be used to predict the evolution of pedestrian flow over time and space in indoor areas with internal obstacles and to investigate the collection, spillback, and dissipation behavior of pedestrians passing through a bottleneck. The cell transmission model is further extended to imitate the movements of multiple flows of pedestrians with different destinations. An algorithm based on generalized cell potential is also developed to assign the pedestrian flow.     

Performance comparison between pedestrian push-button and pre-timed pedestrian crossings at midblock: a Korean case study

Walking has been highlighted as an independent transportation mode as well as an access/egress mode to/from public transit to encourage the use of more sustainable transport systems. However, walking does not seem to have priority over other transportation modes, especially in areas where various modes of movement are in conflict. The pedestrian push-button system seems to be a solution to distribute the right of way. The focus of this study is on the performance issue of the pedestrian push-button. Specifically, this study deals with issues related to mid-block crossings and attempts to answer two questions: whose waiting time is longer at pre-timed and push-button crossings, pedestrians, or vehicles? and which system – pre-timed or push-button – is better in terms of total waiting time? According to our simulation analyses, if the pedestrian flow rate is less than 120, 85, and 70 ped/h for two-, three-, and four-lane roads, respectively, the push-button system is recommended.     

轿车行人保护技术发展的重要性

行人安全越来越成为人们关注的重要问题,文章针对行车过程中行人伤害特点来说明行人保护技术研究的重要意义。随着我国将于2013年正式实施《汽车对行人的碰撞保护》标准,必然将推动我国行人保护技术的快速发展。文章结合行人保护技术的发展历程及现阶段此项技术研究的方法和应用现状,为此方面的研究工作提供参考,从而使我国汽车工业得以更加完善发展。     

行人二次过街设置方法研究与实施检讨

为应对机动车的迅猛增长,城市道路不断加宽,行人过街安全问题日益严重,在大型路口行人很难一次完成过街,传统的平面过街方式暴露出诸多弊端。国内很多城市开始产生二次过街模式,本文以厦门市为例,分析了行人过街的主要问题,从道路时空资源角度定量分析了二次过街的适用范围,对二次过街的系统组成、设置模式和适用条件加以归纳总结,提出了二次过街设施的设计方法,并对近期实施的示范点进行了总结检讨,较好地指导了二次过街试点项目的实施。