Strain prediction for critical positions of FPSO under different loading of stored oil using GAIFOA-BP neural network

FPSO (floating, production, storage and offloading) units are widely used in the offshore oil and gas industry. Generally, FPSOs have excellent oil storage capacity owing to their huge oil cargo holds. The volume and distribution of stored oil in the cargo holds influence the strain level of hull girder, especially at critical positions of FPSO. However, strain prediction using structural analysis tools is computationally expensive and time consuming. In this study, a prediction tool based on back-propagation (BP) neural network called GAIFOA-BP is proposed to predict the strain values of concerned positions of an FPSO model under different oil storage conditions. The GAIFOA-BP combines BP model and GAIFOA which is a combination of genetic algorithm (GA) and an improved fruit fly optimization algorithm (IFOA). Results from three benchmark tests show that the GAIFOA-BP model has a remarkable performance. Subsequently, a total of 81 sets of training data and 25 sets of testing data are obtained from experiment using fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors installed on the surface of an FPSO model. The numerical results show that the GAIFOA-BP is capable of predicting the strain values with higher accuracy as compared with other BP models. Finally, the reserved GAIFOA-BP model is utilized to predict the strain values under the inputs of a 10-day time series of volume and distribution of stored oil. The predicted strain results are further used to calculate the fatigue consumption of measurement points.     

钢桥桥面沥青铺装层直道试验研究

在钢桥模型上进行了6种沥青混合料铺装层直道疲劳试验和高温车辙试验，研究了重复加载过程中应变变化规律，分析了桥面铺装层疲劳开裂性能，比较了各方案高温稳定性能。     

Experimental field study of floater motion effects on a main bearing in a full-scale spar floating wind turbine

In this paper we present a full-scale experimental field study of the effects of floater motion on a main bearing in a 6 MW turbine on a spar-type floating substructure. Floating wind turbines are necessary to access the full offshore wind power potential, but the characteristics of their operation leave a gap with respect to the rapidly developing empirical knowledge on operation of bottom-fixed turbines. Larger wind turbines are one of the most important contributions to reducing cost of energy, but challenge established drivetrain layouts, component size envelopes and analysis methods. We have used fibre optic strain sensor arrays to measure circumferential strain in the stationary ring in a main bearing. Strain data have been analysed in the time domain and the frequency domain and compared with data on environmental loads, floating turbine motion and turbine operation. The results show that the contribution to fluctuating strain from in-plane bending strain is two orders of magnitude larger than that from membrane strain. The fluctuating in-plane bending strain is the result of cyclic differences between blade bending moments, both in and out of the rotor plane, and is driven by wind loads and turbine rotation. The fluctuating membrane strain appears to be the result of both axial load from thrust, because of the bearing and roller geometry, and radial loads on the rotating bearing ring from total out-of-plane bending moments in the three blades. The membrane strain shows a contribution from slow-varying wind forces and floating turbine pitch motion. However, as the total fluctuating strain is dominated by the intrinsic effects of blade bending moments in these turbines, the relative effect of floater motion is very small. Mostly relevant for the intrinsic membrane strain, sum and difference frequencies appear in the measured responses as the result of nonlinear system behaviour. This is an important result with respect to turbine modelling and simulation, where global structural analyses and local drivetrain analyses are frequently decoupled.     

高填方路基钢波纹管涵洞力学性能及经济效益分析

钢波纹管涵洞有管节薄、质量轻、便于叠置捆扎,存放运输方便、施工组装工艺简单、生产周期和施工期短等特点,同时波纹管涵洞适应能力强,受力条件好,造价低,故其具有很广阔的应用前景。目前,国内对于波纹管力学性能研究还较少。通过对高填方钢波纹管涵洞进行野外现场试验,结合相关钢波纹管涵洞知识,从不同方面研究了钢波纹管涵洞的力学性能,同时进行了波纹管与盖板涵的造价比较,为波纹管在工程和设计中应用具有重要指导意义。     

Dynamic hardening behaviors of various marine structural steels considering dependencies on strain rate and temperature

This paper presents a new formula for prediction of the dynamic hardening effect for various marine structural steels, considering dependencies on the strain rates and temperatures. Dynamic tensile tests are carried out for three kinds of marine steels, 2W50, EH36, and DH36, changing the steel layer in the thickness direction, the strain rates, and temperatures. Considering two thickness layers at the middle and surface, five strain rate levels of 0.001/s, 1/s, 10/s, 100/s, and 200/s, three temperature levels of LT (−40 °C), RT, and HT (200 °C), and two repetitions, the total number of tests is 180. Dynamic hardening is clearly seen at LT and RT regardless of the material type, while dynamic strain aging occurs at HT, leads to negative strain rate sensitivity, and thus elevates the quasi-static flow stress above the dynamic flow stress to a certain strain rate. Dynamic hardening factors (DHFs) are derived as a function of the proof strains of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 according to each material type and temperature level. A new formula to determine the material constant D of Cowper–Symonds constitutive equation is developed. The correctness of the proposed formula is verified through comparison with test flow stress curves and reference test data in large plastic strain and high strain rate ranges.     

霍林郭勒市珠斯花大街立交桥匝道静载检测与状态评估

通过对霍林郭勒市珠斯花大街立交桥匝道进行静载试验检测,得到实测数据,并通过与计算数据进行对比分析,得出了该桥结构处于良好的线弹性状态,强度和刚度都满足设计荷载标准要求,这个科学的评估结果。     

Finite element analysis of overlay incorporating stress absorbing membrane interlayers against reflective cracking

A wheel tracking test was modelled to gain better understanding of the deflection and stress-strain distribution in an overlaid cracked pavements with and without membrane interlayer （SAMI）. For this purpose, commercial finite element software Abaqus 6.7-1 was used. Two different models were considered, one incorporating stress absorbing membrane interlayers （SAMIs） and the other without SAMI. In the study, full bond condition was assumed for the boundaries between the layers, and a linear elastic model was used for the analysis. The results show that introduction of SAMI caused greater deflection of the pavement. It is found that although with SAMIs, low stiffness is required, a very low stiffness may yield undesirable results. The results show that the introduction of SAMIs results in high strain concentration around the crack region, whilst the strain in the overlay is smaller than the values predicted in the models without SAMIs.     

增压中冷柴油机湿式气缸套周向应变的动态测试与分析

针对内燃机气缸套的动态变形问题,提出一套对湿式缸套在工作时的变形进行测试的方法。通过对增压中冷柴油机湿式气缸套周向应变的动态测试与分析,绘出缸套在工作时产生的周向变形曲线,分析缸套变形的特点以及主要影响因素。研究结果表明:增压后转速升高对缸套应变影响不明显,缸套的最大变形出现在各作用力对缸套壁面作功最大的2 200 r/m in工况。     

许沟大桥裸拱施工监测与控制

介绍洛三高速公路许沟特大桥，主跨220m等截面悬链线箱形无铰拱在施工过程中的监测与控制。     

渡口河特大桥的施工监控

结合渡口河特大桥施工控制实践,阐述了悬臂浇筑施工过程中的施工监控原理和方法,以及有限元计算、线形监测、应变测量等方面的技术问题,研究了箱梁的线形预测控制方法和混凝土应变分布特性,科学地指导了施工。施工数据表明该特大桥的施工监控方法和计算方法的有效性以及合理性。