雅万高铁技术标准研究

结合印尼雅万高铁项目,对我国高速铁路技术标准"走出去"进行了适应性研究。从自然条件、社会因素和技术水平等方面分析雅万高铁技术标准选择的影响因素,对主要技术标准以及线路、轨道、地质、路基、桥梁、隧道等专业技术标准进行了适应性研究,提出适合雅万高铁条件的技术标准建议。研究成果为雅万高铁的建设提供了支撑,为我国高速铁路标准的进一步优化完善提供了参考,为其他"走出去"项目提供了借鉴。     

Dynamic stride length adaptation according to utility and personal space

Pedestrians adjust both speed and stride length when they navigate difficult situations such as tight corners or dense crowds. They try to avoid collisions and to preserve their personal space. State-of-the-art pedestrian motion models automatically reduce speed in dense crowds simply because there is no space where the pedestrians could go. The stride length and its correct adaptation, however, are rarely considered. This leads to artefacts that impact macroscopic observation parameters such as densities in front of bottlenecks and, through this, flow. Hence modelling stride adaptation is important to increase the predictive power of pedestrian models. To achieve this we reformulate the problem as an optimisation problem on a disk around the pedestrian. Each pedestrian seeks the position that is most attractive in a sense of balanced goals between the search for targets, the need for individual space and the need to keep a distance from obstacles. The need for space is modelled according to findings from psychology defining zones around a person that, when invaded, cause unease. The result is a fully automatic adjustment that allows calibration through meaningful social parameters and that gives visually natural results with an excellent fit to measured experimental data.     

Key beliefs and attitudes for sea-level rise policy

This article reviews key measures of public opinion on sea-level rise (SLR): beliefs, attitudes, issue prioritization, and policy support. To do so, we first assess the influence of SLR beliefs and attitudes on issue prioritization and policy support using state-level data. Then, we compare the state findings to other surveys conducted in a hot spot of rising coastal waters, the U.S. Mid-Atlantic, to better understand the landscape of public opinion. Our findings indicate that, as in studies of climate change public opinion, belief certainty that SLR is happening and attitudes about its consequences significantly influence issue prioritization and policy support. Compared to climate change, SLR demonstrates less salience, but is similarly a low public priority. Nevertheless, the public supports governmental policies that address the issue, preferring strategies that discourage new construction in high risk areas and employ “soft” protection through natural barriers. Among the least popular approaches are those that implement hard barriers to defend against encroaching seas. Communication programs and public consultation by governments can benefit from the use of survey data to support evidence-based decision-making.     

Through the storm: Transit agency management in response to climate change

The increase in extreme weather events due to climate change poses serious challenges to public transit systems. These events disrupt transit operations, impair service quality, increase threats to public safety, and damage infrastructure. Despite the growing risk of extreme weather and climate change, little is known about how public managers recognize, experience and address these risks. Using data from a national study of public transit agencies we investigate the types of extreme weather events transit agencies are experiencing, the associated risks, and how agencies are preparing for them. We find that while extreme events are commonly experienced by transit agencies across states and transit managers perceive increased risks from these events, most agencies rely on the traditional emergency management approach to address extreme weather ex post rather than taking a proactive approach to mitigating the adverse weather impact on transit assets and infrastructure ex ante. Managers report that a lack of access to financial resources is the greatest challenge for undertaking adaptation and preparation. We conclude with a discussion of what these findings mean for understanding organizational adaptation behavior as well as climate adaptation policy making.     

基于视觉识别的线控制动压力滑模控制

制动安全是车辆主动安全的关键技术之一.制动决策和执行器控制是影响线控制动系统性能的两个主要因素.路面自适应性和控制器鲁棒性分别对制动决策和执行器控制有着重要影响,制约着线控制动系统的发展.本文中以一种液压调控的线控制动系统为基础,针对路面自适应性和控制器鲁棒性问题,提出一种双层结构的制动系统控制器,上层采用计算机视觉的...     

超速行为干预措施研究现状及发展趋势

为了提出能够有效遏制超速行为的干预措施,明确已有超速行为干预措施的实际效果、适用条件、优缺点及结合措施效果,对该领域内相关文献进行了系统性综述。根据系统性综述和元分析首选报告准则（PRISMA）,将超速行为及其干预措施作为关键词,分别从11个电子数据库中搜索与超速抓拍系统、反超速宣传、超速警告标志和智能超速干预系统相关文献,通过构建文献质量评价指标体系对这些文献进行评估,筛选出101篇相关文献,并对其研究结果进行了叙述性地综合分析。研究结果表明：超速抓拍系统、反超速宣传、超速警告标志及智能超速干预系统具有不同程度的超速干预效果,且受一些道路交通环境条件及人为因素的影响。具体地,对于超速抓拍系统,区间式超速抓拍系统的干预效果最好,而移动式超速抓拍系统最差;对于反超速宣传,户外广告的超速干预效果最好,但印刷类广告作用不大;对于超速警告标志,超速张贴标志具有较显著的干预效果;警告型动态速度显示标志的超速干预效果优于标准型动态速度显示标志;对于智能超速干预系统,强制型智能超速干预系统的超速干预效果最佳,自愿型智能超速干预系统效果最差;对于结合措施,多数结合措施较单个措施的超速干预效果更好。总体而言,超速抓拍系统和智能超速干预系统的超速干预效果最好,超速警告标志次之,反超速宣传效果较差,结合措施可增强干预效果。上述结果可为超速行为干预措施的选择或提出奠定理论基础。针对已有超速干预措施的局限性及影响因素尚不明朗的问题,后续研究需优化试验或调查方案,进一步探究超速干预措施的效果及影响因素,并基于大数据（如车辆轨迹、视频数据）提出新的干预措施。     

Adapting without Retreating: Responses to Shoreline Change on an Inlet-Associated Coastal Beach

Coastal barrier systems around the world are experiencing higher rates of flooding and shoreline erosion. Property owners on barriers have made significant financial investments in physical protections that shield their nearby properties from these hazards, constituting a type of adaptation to shoreline change. Factors that contribute to adaptation on Plum Island, a developed beach and dune system on the North Shore of Massachusetts, are investigated here. Plum Island experiences patterns of shoreline change that may be representative of many inlet-associated beaches, encompassing an equivocal and dynamically shifting mix of erosion and accretion. In the face of episodic floods and fleeting erosive events, and driven by a combination of strong northeast storms and cycles of erosion and accretion, the value of the average Plum Island residence increases by 34% for properties on the oceanfront where protection comprises a publicly constructed soft structure. Even in the face of state policies that ostensibly discourage physical protection as a means of adaptation, coastal communities face significant political and financial pressures to maintain existing protective structures or to allow contiguous groups of property owners to build new ones through collective action. These factors mitigate against adapting to shoreline change by retreating from the coast, thereby potentially increasing the adverse effects of coastal hazards.     

Long-term impact of the Shinkansen on rail and air demand: analysis with data from Northeast Japan

This paper analyses how the high-speed rail construction in Northeast Japan (Tohoku) has affected total demand and interregional travel patterns. We use annual interregional passenger data from 1989 to 2012 and apply regression analysis with the demand between Tokyo and the Tohoku prefectures as the dependent variable. We distinguish particularly between the ‘Full-’ and the ‘Mini-’ Shinkansen, where the latter are branch services running with reduced speed. We find that the ‘Full-Shinkansen’ quickly increases rail and total public transport trips and generates additional rail demand year on year. The ‘Mini-Shinkansen’ impacts are less pronounced. Furthermore, our analysis shows that the Shinkansen has shifted some demand from air to rail once it started operation and increased rail share gradually. We therefore suggest that predictions of demand impacts should carefully distinguish immediate from gradual impacts. We also discuss differences in regional demand in that not all prefectures have gained equally from Shinkansen construction.     

Within day rescheduling microsimulation combined with macrosimulated traffic

The concept of rescheduling is essential to activity-based modeling in order to calculate effects of both unexpected incidents and adaptation of individuals to traffic demand management measures. When collaboration between individuals is involved or timetable based public transportation modes are chosen, rescheduling becomes complex. This paper describes a new framework to investigate algorithms for rescheduling at a large scale. The framework allows to explicitly model the information flow between traffic information services and travelers. It combines macroscopic traffic assignment with microscopic simulation of agents adapting their schedules. Perception filtering is introduced to allow for traveler specific interpretation of perceived macroscopic data and for information going unnoticed; perception filters feed person specific short term predictions about the environment required for schedule adaptation. Individuals are assumed to maximize schedule utility. Initial agendas are created by the FEATHERS activity-based schedule generator for mutually independent individuals using an undisturbed loaded transportation network. The new framework allows both actor behavior and external phenomena to influence the transportation network state; individuals interpret the state changes via perception filtering and start adapting their schedules, again affecting the network via updated traffic demand. The first rescheduling mechanism that has been investigated uses marginal utility that monotonically decreases with activity duration and a monotonically converging relaxation algorithm to efficiently determine the new activity timing. The current framework implementation is aimed to support re-timing, re-location and activity re-sequencing; re-routing at the level of the individual however, requires microscopic travel simulation.     

中国沙棘种群在沙漠高速公路中的生态适应性研究

沙漠防护一直是沙漠地区修建公路需重点解决的问题之一。本着就地取材和生态适应性的原则,对高速公路通行区域进行了生物防护沙漠试验,分析研究了中国沙棘在沙漠高速公路不同方向路基边坡的种群特征和生态适应性。研究表明,同一坡向中国沙棘种群的生长特征、生物量及其分配格局等均无显著差异,其生态适应性具有趋同性;在北坡和南坡之间,种群的生长特征、生物量及其分配格局等均有显著差异,其生态适应性具有趋异性。在实践中可根据坡向的水分特征和中国沙棘的生物生态学特性,在南坡宜适当加大造林密度,并加强土壤水分管理,以便提高造林效果和促进种群生长发育进程,使其尽早发挥沙漠防护的作用。