Climate change behaviors related to purchase and use of personal cars: Development and validation of eco-socially conscious consumer behavior scale

A constantly changing environment and global warming are issues that are recognized at all global forums. One of the major reasons for global warming is the emission of greenhouse gasses which is primarily caused by use of personal cars as means of transport. This study reports on the development of an eco-socially conscious consumer behavior (ESCCB) scale specific to purchase and use of personal cars, based on samples of actual automobile customers in Pakistan. Using mixed method approaches, the results of 3 studies yield a 9-item three-dimensional scale (eco-social conservation, eco-social use, and eco-social purchase) with satisfactory reliability, construct validity and nomological validity. Second-order factor analysis revealed that eco-social purchase was the most important dimension, followed by eco-conservation and eco-social use. A test of nomological behavior shows that the scale is positively associated with a related construct: environmental concern. This study advances the literature on pro-environmental behaviors by introducing a conceptual definition of ESCCB related to personal car purchase and use, developing a measure for the ESCCB concept and validating the scale in the context of an emerging economy, Pakistan. The scale provides important insights for marketers in the automobile industry for remodelling marketing plans, as well as for environmentalists focusing on strategies to bring change in consumer behavior.     

考虑动态定价的煤炭调运方案优化研究

煤炭坑口价格的变化与市场供求有重要联系.本文在煤炭坑口价格动态定价的基础上,以煤炭产地和消费地间的煤炭调运量为决策变量,以煤炭流通过程中的总费用最小化为目标,分别构建了煤炭调运系统优化模型和考虑消费者竞争的煤炭调运优化模型,设计了遗传算法和Floyd算法相结合的求解算法.以我国内地煤炭调运问题为案例,分析了价格变化特性、可调出量与消费量比例等因素对煤炭调运方案的影响.结果表明,考虑消费者竞争时煤炭流通广义费用更低;随着煤炭可调出量与消费量比的增加,动态价格较固定价格的煤炭流通广义费用下降更快.     

A statistical analysis of consumer perceptions towards automated vehicles and their intended adoption

ABSTRACT

While automated vehicle (AV) development continues to progress rapidly, how the public will accept and adopt automated vehicles remains an open question. Using extensive survey data, we apply cluster analysis to better understand consumer perceptions toward potential benefits and concerns related to AVs with regard to factors influencing their AV adoption likelihood. Four market segments are identified – ‘benefits-dominated,’ ‘concerns-dominated,’ ‘uncertain,’ and ‘well-informed.’ A random parameters multinomial logit model is then estimated to identify factors influencing the probability of respondents belonging to one of these four market segments. Among other influences (such as socio-economic and current travel characteristics), it is found that ‘Millennials’ have a higher probability of belonging to the well-informed market segment, ‘Gen-Xers’ with a lower probability to the uncertain market segment, and ‘Baby Boomers’ with a higher probability to the concerns-dominated market (relative to the ‘Great Generation’). We also study the individuals’ expressed likelihood of AV adoption using separate random parameters ordered probit estimations for each of the four market segments. The substantial and statistically significant differences across each AV consumer market segment underscore the potentially large impact that different consumer demographics may have on AV adoption and the need for targeted marketing to achieve better market-penetration outcomes.     

公路客运价格对消费价格指数波动的影响研究

近年来我国居民消费价格指数波动幅度较大,通胀和紧缩压力交替出现,宏观经济调控难度逐渐加大. 公路客运价格是测算居民消费价格指数的基础指标之一,本文通过建立居民消费价格分类指数对总指数的贡献度模型,定量测算公路客运价格对居民消费价格指数波动的贡献程度. 测算结果表明, 交通指数对居民消费价格指数贡献较大且增长较快,从2002年的4.44%增长到2007年的7.47%,与我国私人汽车保有量快速增长的发展趋势相一致,而长途汽车价格指数对居民消费价格指数的贡献度比较小且波动不大,基本维持在2.41%左右,较好地起到了平抑消费价格指数上涨的作用.     

城市交通投资的消费者福利评价

城市交通中多种出行方式共存等特性使传统的成本一效益分析法难以分析出交通投资产生的效果。文中假设发生在各起讫点问的交通出行是1个消费者代表的出行选择结果,推导一般均衡条件下交通服务供应水平变化与消费者剩余之间的关系。通过Logit模型模拟方式选择得到需求函数,结果显示交通投资产生的消费者福利与交通方式选择集的最大效用的期望值有关,表明以离散选择模型为基础的福利评价方法适用于多种交通投资的效果评价,包括交通方式选择集发生变化的情况。     

我国汽车消费信贷发展的问题分析

汽车产业的发展带动了我国汽车消费信贷的发展,汽车消费信贷的壮大又推动了汽车产业的进一步发展。但是,由于体制原因、经验不足以及相关配套措施不到位,我国汽车消费信贷经历了一段时期的高速发展后又陷入了低谷,至今仍未见起色。本文试从我国汽车消费信贷业务发展的历程及现状、目前存在的问题、以及完善汽车消费信贷的政策建议等方面进行相关阐述。     

预售环境下考虑消费者时间偏好的定价与订货策略

在市场规模不确定的条件下,以最大化销售商利润为目标,综合考虑消费者时间偏好及策略型行为,构建无预售、仅预售和两阶段预售策略的定价和订货模型,得出相应的最优预售价格和订货量。此外,对无预售与2种预售策略展开对比研究,探讨预售策略实施的条件,通过数值算例分析系统参数对预售最优决策及利润的影响。研究结果表明:两阶段预售策略下最优预售价格低于现售价格,给现售阶段的最优订货量不超过无预售策略;两阶段预售策略总是优于无预售策略;当且仅当预售时长小于某一临界值时,仅预售策略才会优于无预售策略;两种预售策略的优劣取决于销售商能否有效地根据产品现售价格和采购成本设置合理的预售时长。     

On the goods-activities technical relations in the time allocation theory

In areas like household production and travel choice, time assigned to the different activities plays a key role in addition to consumption as the main variables in utility within the consumer behaviour framework. However, a comprehensive conceptual structure to understand the technological relations between goods consumption and the assignment of time to activities is still lacking. In this paper the problem is reviewed and all possible relations between goods and time are re-formulated. Two general functions are defined and proposed to account for all these relations, forming a new taxonomy for the technical constraints. The resulting consumer behaviour model is used to obtain general expressions for both the value of saving time in constrained activities like travel, and the value of leisure.     

消费心理学在市场竞争中的作用——从消费者心理角度研究品牌资产价值

消费者的购买行为受心理的支配,企业经营者应充分研究、利用消费者心理学,不断提升品牌的资产价值,使之可持续发展,只有这样企业才能在激烈的市场竞争中立于不败之地。     

Relationships Between US Consumer Expenditures on Communications and Transportation Using Almost Ideal Demand System Modeling: 1984–2002

Abstract

This study analyzes aggregate consumer expenditure data from the US between 1984 and 2002, to determine relationships between expenditures on transportation and communications. We first identified 15 categories of goods – nine for transportation, five for communications, and one for all others – and obtained prices for each category across time. Then, we applied the linear approximate almost ideal demand system (AIDS) method for estimating consumer demand functions, aggregating the categories to six (non-personal vehicle (PV), PV capital, PV operation, electronic communications media, print communications media, and all others) due to the small sample size. The results indicate that transportation and communications categories have both substitution and complementarity relationships. The existence of effects in both directions (substitution and complementarity) is testimony to the complexity of the relationships involved, with both generation and replacement possible and happening simultaneously. In addition, expenditures in the transportation categories are generally more income-elastic and price-elastic than those in communications, indicating that communications expenditures are more essential than those for travel. The transportation categories have both substitution and complementarity relationships with each other, while the two communications categories have a substitution relationship.