养生作用对硫沥青性能影响分析

硫磺部分替代传统石油沥青用于道路工程建设可减少石油沥青用量,降低施工能源消耗,促进工业废渣中硫磺的回收利用,具有较高的经济和环保价值。为探究硫磺掺量（质量分数）及养生作用对硫沥青（SEA）性能的影响,采用差示扫描量热仪（DSC）验证硫沥青中硫磺的重结晶现象,对养生前后硫沥青的基本物理性能和黏度进行分析,并采用动态剪切流变仪（DSR）和弯曲梁流变仪（BBR）对养生前后硫沥青的流变特性和疲劳性能进行评价,最后借助荧光显微镜（FM）观察养生前、后硫磺在沥青中的微观分布特性。研究结果表明：养生后高硫磺掺量的硫沥青DSC曲线出现吸热峰,硫沥青（特别是高硫磺掺量下）的劲度有所增加,因此对硫沥青进行养生使其性能稳定后再进行相关性能评价更具现实意义;硫磺掺量较低（≤ 10%）时,硫磺主要以溶解硫的形式存在于沥青中起到软化沥青的作用,因此沥青的低温变形能力有所改善,但其高温抗变形能力有所降低;当硫磺掺量较高（≥ 35%）时,硫磺主要以重结晶的形式悬浮在沥青中使沥青变硬,在增加沥青高温抗变形能力的同时也牺牲了其低温抗裂能力;硫磺掺量较低时,硫沥青黏度随着硫磺掺量的增加而降低;硫磺掺量较高时,硫沥青90℃和105℃黏度随着硫磺掺量的增加而增加,但硫沥青120℃和135℃黏度相差不大,同时硫磺加入最高可降低沥青的施工温度达20℃;线性振幅扫描（LAS）试验结果表明,养生后的硫沥青疲劳寿命比基质沥青长,其中35%硫沥青疲劳性能最佳;硫磺掺量进一步增加,硫沥青疲劳寿命缩短至与基质沥青相近;FM分析表明,硫磺掺量不高于5%时,硫磺全部溶解于沥青中,且养生后硫磺未重结晶,相应硫沥青无荧光性;硫磺掺量高于5%时,硫磺在沥青中分布均匀,养生后10%硫沥青中硫晶斑尺寸和面积显著增大,高硫磺掺量硫沥青中硫晶斑面积仅略有增加。     

固化剂稳定磷石膏路基填料的工程特性研究

为提高磷石膏路基填料的强度和水稳定性,降低有害物质溶出,采用甲基硅酸钠、硅酸钠和乳化剂制备磷石膏固化剂（CA）,并将质量比为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的CA加入到磷石膏中制备CA稳定磷石膏混合料（CASP）,研究了CA掺量对CASP的力学性质（加州承载比CBR、回弹模量、无侧限抗压强度和剪切强度）、水稳定性（泡水软化系数和接触角）与有害物质溶出量的影响规律,并结合扫描电镜试验揭示了CASP的强度形成与水稳定性增强机理。结果表明：CA中的硅酸钠与磷石膏可生成硅酸钙凝胶与硫酸钠晶体,前者的胶凝作用和后者的填充作用提高了磷石膏的强度和密实度,CASP的CBR、回弹模量、无侧限抗压强度和剪切强度随着CA掺量的增加而大幅提升;由CA中的甲基硅酸钠所生成的聚硅氧烷憎水膜,改变了磷石膏颗粒表面的亲疏水性质,降低了磷石膏孔隙,改善了磷石膏的水稳定性,CASP的泡水软化系数随着CA掺量的增加而变大,掺2.0%CA的CASP与水分的接触角为91.4°;浸水11 d后掺1.0%CA的CASP可满足高速公路的路床填料CBR不小于8%和路基回弹模量不低于40 MPa的技术要求;通过硅酸钙凝胶的物理吸附和化学结合,以及憎水膜的填充固封,CA显著降低了磷石膏砷、铬、铅、氟离子和磷酸根的溶出量,掺0.5%CA的CASP浸出液中砷、铬和铅含量分别满足地下水Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级和Ⅳ级标准。     

矿粉固化剂处理盐渍吹填土地基效果研究

研究目的:曹妃甸吹填土含有大量细颗粒成分,且含盐量高,常规地基处理方法达不到强度和变形要求,化学固化方式处理该地区盐渍吹填土具有较大的优势。本文以10%矿粉作为固化剂主剂,硅酸钠、生石灰和石膏粉作为添加剂,分别进行单掺、双掺和三掺添加剂固化后的强度试验,分析盐渍吹填土在不同掺入材料、配比及不同期龄下的无侧限抗压强度变化规律。研究结论:(1)矿粉固化剂能大大提高曹妃甸盐渍吹填土的无侧限抗压强度,其中生石灰对矿粉固化盐渍吹填土的固化效果影响最大;(2)10%的矿粉+1.0%的生石灰+0.8%的硅酸钠+1.5%的石膏粉,是矿粉固化剂的最优配比方案,该配比固化土试样7 d无侧限抗压强度达到了2007 k Pa,28 d无侧限抗压强度增至3370 k Pa,完全能满足铁路地基强度要求;(3)该研究成果可为曹妃甸及其他滨海盐渍化吹填土地区铁路地基固化工程提供指导和理论依据。     

简支组合梁抗火设计简化方法

根据现行《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》（CECS200：2006）中简支组合梁抗火承载力验算方法,提出了简支组合梁抗火设计的临界温度法,给出了临界温度的计算方法。对影响简支组合梁临界温度的参数分析研究发现：在确定的荷载比下简支组合梁的钢梁截面、材料强度、有效宽度等对简支组合梁的临界温度的影响较小,而耐火极限和楼板厚度对简支组合梁临界温度影响较大。给出了一般简支组合梁在不同楼板厚度、不同耐火极限下,不同荷载比对应的临界温度,可供工程设计使用。     

SX48m/1500t双线节段拼装造桥机在包西铁路上的应用

结合包西铁路黑龙沟、袁家沟大桥施工实例,介绍了SX48m/1500t双线节段拼装造桥机的构造、技术参数以及该造桥机的拼装、拆除及迈步过孔方案,并结合冬季施工详细介绍了湿接缝混凝土冬季蒸汽养护措施。     

An Exploration of the Relationship between Timing and Duration of Maintenance Activities

The timing and duration of an activity episode are two important temporal aspects of activity-travel behavior. Understanding the causal relationship between these two variables would be useful in the development of activity-based travel demand modeling systems. This paper investigates the relationship between these two variables by considering two different causal structures – one structure in which time-of-day choice is determined first and influences duration and a second structure in which activity duration is determined first and affects time-of-day choice. These two structures are estimated within a discrete-continuous simultaneous equations framework employing a full-information maximum likelihood methodology that allows error covariance. The estimation is performed separately for commuter and non-commuter samples drawn from a 1996 household travel survey data set from the Tampa Bay area in Florida. The results of the model estimation effort show that the causal structure in which activity duration precedes or affects activity timing (time of day choice) performs better for the non-commuter sample. For the commuter sample, the findings were less conclusive with both causal structures offering equally good statistical measures of fit. In addition, for the commuter sample, all error correlations were found to be zero. These two findings suggest that time of day choice and activity episode duration are only loosely related for the commuter sample, possibly due to the relatively non-discretionary and inflexible work activity and travel.     

Understanding time use: Daily or weekly data?

The appropriate duration of time diaries as a source of time use data is analyzed in a structured way. Nine detailed European surveys based on seven-days diaries are used in order to study different dimensions of data quality, duration and variability of activities, and modeling capabilities. Pseudo diaries of 1, 2 (one week, one weekend) and 3 (one week, both weekend) days are constructed to further analyze these issues, selecting the seven-days diaries data as a benchmark. Comparative results show that two and three-days weighted surveys seem to be an adequate surrogate for the information obtained in weekly surveys that capture a basic work–leisure cycle.     

Heterogeneous hazard model of PEV users charging intervals: Analysis of four year charging transactions data

Public charging infrastructure represents a key success factor in the promotion of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). Given that a large initial investment is required for the widespread adoption of PEV, many studies have addressed the location choice problem for charging infrastructure using a priori simple assumptions. Ideally, however, identifying optimal locations of charging stations necessitates an understanding of charging behavior. Limited market penetration of PEV makes it difficult to grasp any regularities in charging behavior. Using a Dutch data set about four-years of charging transactions, this study presents a detailed analysis of inter-charging times. Recognizing that PEV users may exhibit different charging behavior, this study estimates a latent class hazard duration model, which accommodates duration dependence, unobserved heterogeneity and the effects of time-varying covariates. PEV users are endogenously classified into regular and random users by treating charging regularity as a latent variable. The paper provides valuable insights into the dynamics of charging behavior at public charging stations, and which strategies can be successfully used to improve the performance of public charging infrastructure.     

Commuting and wellbeing: a critical overview of the literature with implications for policy and future research

ABSTRACT

This review provides a critical overview of what has been learnt about commuting’s impact on subjective wellbeing (SWB). It is structured around a conceptual model which assumes commuting can affect SWB over three time horizons: (i) during the journey; (ii) immediately after the journey; and (iii) over the longer term. Our assessment of the evidence shows that mood is lower during the commute than other daily activities and stress can be induced by congestion, crowding and unpredictability. People who walk or cycle to work are generally more satisfied with their commute than those who travel by car and especially those who use public transport. Satisfaction decreases with duration of commute, regardless of mode used, and increases when travelling with company. After the journey, evidence shows that the commute experience “spills over” into how people feel and perform at work and home. However, a consistent link between commuting and life satisfaction overall has not been established. The evidence suggests that commuters are generally successful in trading off the drawbacks of longer and more arduous commute journeys against the benefits they bring in relation to overall life satisfaction, but further research is required to understand the decision making involved. The evidence review points to six areas that warrant policy action and research: (i) enhancing the commute experience; (ii) increasing commute satisfaction; (iii) reducing the impacts of long duration commutes; (iv) meeting commuter preferences; (v) recognising flexibility and constraints in commuting routines and (vi) accounting for SWB impacts of commuting in policy making and appraisal.     

混凝土联锁块机械化生产及蒸汽养护技术

针对混凝土联锁块现有预制工艺机械化程度低,施工质量受人为和天气影响较大而无法满足大规模生产需求的问题,进行混凝土联锁块机械化生产及蒸汽养护关键技术研究,通过对各生产环节进行机械化改进和采用蒸汽养护技术,并使各工序高效合理衔接,研制出一整套混凝土联锁块机械化生产工艺。新型生产工艺相对于传统工艺,不仅大幅提高了施工质量及生产效率,同时节省了人工成本,而且由于整个生产过程均可在厂房内完成,节省场地且不受恶劣天气影响,降低成本并缩短工期,能够适应施工中混凝土联锁块大规模生产的需求。