公路生态系统服务功能分析及评估

文章探讨了公路生态系统的生态服务功能,提出价值评估指标体系及定量评估方法,为公路生态系统的恢复或重建提供理论依据,对全面、正确评价公路生态系统有积极意义。     

我国路域生态系统建设中存在的问题及对策

针对我国路域生态系统建设中存在的很多问题,从不同方面分析了问题产生的原因,提出注重人与自然和谐统一的理念,合理运用生态学、经济学理论。全公路行业在这个问题上达成共识是建设和谐路域生态系统的根本途径。     

多沙河道中的泥沙治理

为解决多沙河道中淤积泥沙资源化利用困难和生态景观差的问题,以嘎斯汰河泥沙治理为例,分析水沙过程及河床演变规律,采用梯级跌水沉沙和景观坝相结合的方法治理泥沙,能够在洪水期上拦粗沙以资源化利用,下排细沙以改善淤积形态;在非洪水期中下段实现清水满槽,提高了植物成活率,对水生态系统的构建有重要意义,并为后续工程提供借鉴。     

海洋生态系统及海岸工程生态影响预测模型研究进展

对海洋生态系统的研究已形成了以实验观测为基础、建立生态模型的方法。文章对已有的海洋生态模型研究成果进行了归纳总结,认为初级生产力模型是纯生态模型的主要发展方向,综合考虑物理生化作用的生态系统动力学模型将是未来海洋生态研究的必然趋势。同时,由于我国大规模海岸工程建设对近岸海域生态系统造成了较大影响,而相关的生态影响预测模型研究较少,为有效预测评价海岸工程建设对近岸海域生态系统的影响,进一步深入研究海岸工程建设对近岸海洋生态影响预测模型将显得尤为重要。     

生态系统分析方法与农业科技示范园规划

现代农业科技园区建设规划目标是实现经济、生态、社会效益的协调,园区是一个复合的人工生态系统。在规划过程中的一个核心环节就是进行生态系统分析,并在分析的基础上进行生态系统设计。文中讨论了农业园区生态系统分析的目标、步骤,并提出了科技园区的复合生态系统由4个子系统组成,分别是：安全永续的生态环境资源子系统、清洁循环的生态产业经济子系统、自然和谐生态人类住区子系统、先进高效的科技支持和管理决策子系统。     

The Dependency of People on the Great Barrier Reef,Australia

Understanding how people are dependent on Large Scale Marine Protected Areas (LSMPAs) is important for understanding how people might be sensitive to changes that affect these seascapes. We review how resource dependency is conceptualized and propose that it be broadened to include cultural values such as pride in resource status, scientific heritage, appreciation of aesthetics, biodiversity, and lifestyle opportunities. We provide an overview of how local residents (n = 3,181 face-to-face surveys), commercial fishers (n = 210, telephone surveys), and tourism operators (n = 119 telephone surveys) are potentially dependent on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), a region currently experiencing significant environmental, social, and economic change. We found that commercial fishers and tourism operators were dependent not only financially on the GBR, but also because of their age, years in the industry and region, lack of education, and the number of dependents. These stakeholders lacked flexibility to secure alternative employment. All stakeholder groups, regardless of economic imperatives, were dependent on the GBR because of their cultural connections. We propose that resource dependency also provides an umbrella concept to describe the cultural services provided by an ecosystem, which can be described through place-based dependence and place-identity.     

Monitoring Human Activity in an Area Dedicated to the Protection of the Endangered Mediterranean Monk Seal

Mediterranean monk seal populations have declined dramatically and survive in subpopulations scattered throughout their original distribution. The National Marine Park of Alonnisos, Northern Sporades is the first marine protected Area dedicated to the protection of the species in the Mediterranean. A Monitoring and Awareness Project has been carried out in the area from 1993 to 2000, the results of which have produced a detailed profile of the human usage pattern of the Park and indicated a significant reduction of illegal activities in the area. The pattern of human usage has enabled the monitoring team to adjust their efforts in the Park over time and provided essential baseline data for future management. The combined monitoring and awareness efforts have contributed significantly to the conservation of the Mediterranean monk seal by successfully protecting pupping sites and reducing human-induced mortality of the species in the area.     

Dynamics and fishery of the Peruvian hake: Between nature and man

Mean length in the catch of Peruvian hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus) declined drastically by 8 cm in a few months in 1992. The 1991–93 El Niño event marked the beginning of changes in bottom environmental conditions, that along with other changes in the ecosystem, were the cause of the disappearance of large sized old hake from the traditional fishing grounds and the invasion of these areas by high concentrations of small sized young hake, traditionally distributed in the southern areas. A misinterpretation of this change gave an optimistic perception of the state of the stock, leading to a large increase of the fishing fleet and therefore to an increase of the fishing pressure on this resource. Catch increased quickly to very high levels in 1996, the fishery indicators of relative abundance remained stable, while global abundance of hake was diminishing. The resource responded to these natural variations of environment and to the intense fishing pressure with changes in some aspects of its biology and ecology. The most remarkable was the decrease of the length and age at first maturity that led to spawning by 1 year old (19 cm) individuals in a species whose observed longevity was 14 years.In 2002 a total and indefinite fishery closure was established by the Peruvian government and a technical commission for the hake recovery was created, which carried out continuous monitoring of the stock. After a closure of 20 months the indicators showed signs of recovery and the fishery was reopened in 2004. However, after an encouraging beginning during 2004 and the first quarter of 2005, neither abundance nor age structure had improved by the end of 2005, and in fact were deteriorating by the start of 2006. The survival of the age 2 and 3 groups was very low and few 4+ years old individuals were observed. Several factors working at different time scales have been proposed to explain the status of hake. The impact of the fishery, variations in the abiotic environment, predation by the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) and cannibalism were considered as potential causal factors of this decline.     

生态设计理念在盐河航道中的应用和研究

根据盐河水岸带现状,详细分析护岸横断面的分区防护方式,通过采用适当的植物防护和永久工程相结合,形成既满足固坡要求又能恢复河岸生机的新型护岸结构,为内河航道设计应用生态型护岸提供借鉴.     

用生态动力学模型分析海带养殖对浮游生态系统的影响

以我国近海典型海带养殖区桑沟湾为例,建立了"浮游植物-海带-浮游动物-营养盐-有机碎屑"生态动力学模型,较好地模拟了不同养殖密度下浮游生态系统结构的变化,通过灵敏度分析,研究状态变量对模型初值和参数变化的响应,提出了参数优化的思路.