小汽车限行政策实践评述与反思

为解决小汽车保有量增加过快引发的交通相关问题,国内外许多城市开始实施限行政策.本文梳理总结了国内外城市限行政策的演化进程,发现尽管限行政策对缓解交通拥堵和改善空气污染有一定的作用,但不同城市的限行措施和限行效果也各有差异,出行者的一些规避限行的行为可能会对限行政策的实施效果产生一定的影响.     

基于LQR限宽水域中KVLCC2操纵运动控制研究

在航道宽度受限制的水域中,船舶会受到岸壁效应的影响,横向力与首摇力矩将发生变化,这会对船舶的航行安全产生不利的影响.鉴于此问题,本文应用现代控制理论最优控制LQR方法,对在限制水域中航行的超大型油轮KVLCC2的操纵运动进行控制研究.为便于LQR控制器的设计,采用线性状态空间形式的操纵运动方程,基于数值模拟获取的相应线性水动力系数,计算出使目标函数值最小的增益矩阵K,从而得到满足最优控制规律的时域舵角变化,实现对不同宽度水域中船舶运动的最优控制,并与极点配置控制法作比较,验证LQR控制器的优越性.结果表明,当船岸距离d/L≥1.2时,船舶基本不受岸壁效应的影响,控制幅度极小;当岸壁距离d/L=0.25时,摆舵角度将超过6°,同时船舶前进速度也将下降,下降幅度将超过前进速度的10%,岸壁效应明显.     

Effects of the ‘Belt and Road’ initiative on the wine import logistics of China

China’s Belt and Road (BR) initiative is expected to facilitate international trade between the countries involved. In this study, we review the special requirements of wine logistics and the market growth potential of wine consumption in China. A model minimizing generalized logistical costs is developed and applied to wine imports in China, so that the best candidate cities in which to locate transport gateways and distribution centers can be identified. Our analysis suggests that the most preferred gateways are Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong, which all have similar delivery costs. In comparison, Beijing and Chongqing have much higher delivery costs, mainly because they do not have good access to marine transport and/or efficient domestic distribution networks. For long-distance intercontinental transport of large volumes of wine, marine shipping remains the only viable delivery mode. However, wine distribution within China extensively uses air, road, and water transport. Therefore, cities with excellent multi-modal transport services are better positioned to become wine logistics gateways. Our study also highlights the importance of value-added services and good government support, which are important factors that influence distribution costs and quality.     

典型航线船舶排放清单及排放特征研究

文章分析了我国典型航线典型船舶排放特征,以船舶自动识别系统数据为基础,收集整理所选研究船舶排放参数,结合船舶实际航行资料,采用动力法估算了秦皇岛港—广州港航线某散货船一个航行周期的排放清单,并分析了靠港、停泊、港内机动、巡航4个船舶状态下的排放特征,绘制了2 km×2 km分辨率的空间排放特征图。结果表明,该典型航线上典型散货船舶一个航行周期排放的SOx、NOx、PM10、PM2.5总量分别为18.88吨、30.87吨、1.85吨和1.69吨。排放源分析表明从在船舶的主机、辅机和锅炉3种排放源中,主机是主要排放源。航行状态上巡航工况排放量最大;船舶排放污染物的空间分析表明,船舶在进出港口区域是污染物排放最密集的区域。     

An operational activity-based method to estimate CO2 emissions from container shipping considering empty container repositioning

This paper develops an operational activity-based method to estimate CO₂ emissions from container shipping in contrasts to the traditional aggregated activity-based method. Two case studies investigate the impacts of empty container repositioning policies and port handling capacity on CO₂ emission index. The results show that the aggregated method could well overestimate CO₂ emissions and the operational activity-based method is more appropriate. The paper also demonstrates that high port-handling capacity and efficient empty container repositioning could reduce CO₂ emissions in seaborne container transportation.     

Planning and Evaluation of Passenger Ferry Service in Hong Kong

A predominant observation in Hong Kong is the continuous loss in ferry patronage. There are two main reasons for this: poor level-of-service and better competitors. New roads, bridges, and tunnels are serving the buses, and to some extent the railways; whereas the investment in ferry terminals is relatively at a lower level. On the one hand, there is no need to promote the ferries in a free market environment; but on the other hand, the ferries have the best safety record, can only relieve some traffic congestion and need water access that is one of the characteristics of Hong Kong. The goal of this paper is to design a planning approach combined with an evaluation procedure on how to make the best use of the existing water and pier resources in Hong Kong through the provision of commercially viable ferry services. The approach used covers the impact of future developments planning up to 2006 comprising all public transport modes in Hong Kong (heavy rail, metro, bus, and ferry). The planning tool is based on a newly developed multi-objective evaluation method in order to assess the ferry routes with scientific, practical, and simplified analyses for future use. This assessment is applied to the existing ferry routes and candidate routes and can also be carried out on an individual route basis or on a given set of routes. The objective functions set forth analytically in the evaluation method take into account the interests of the three participants: the passengers, the operators and the government. The proposed ferry network design formulation and the suggested new ferry routes will have a positive impact on changing the ferry system’s image in Hong Kong.     

紧急疏散情况下地铁车站动态瓶颈识别

随着城市轨道交通系统逐渐成网,地铁车站日渐拥挤,为了制定科学有效的紧急疏散方案,有必要预先找到车站瓶颈点。基于时间可靠度函数模拟乘客在紧急情况下路径选择行为,在此基础上引入M//G/C/C排队模型对车站排队系统各个服务台进行排队性能指标计算,找出潜在瓶颈点。以广州地铁3号线岗顶站为例,结合车站硬件设施尺寸数量,模拟计算最恶劣情况下乘客疏散过程,找到3处潜在瓶颈点,测算结果与实际观测情况相符合,验证了该方法的有效性。     

浅窄航道非线性兴波阻力数值计算

应用Rankine面元法计算船舶在浅窄航道中作匀速直航运动时的非线性兴波阻力．基于势流理论，在船体表面、自由面以及岸壁分布Rankine源来表达流场速度势，利用迭代方法满足非线性自由面边界条件，采用映像法满足水底边界条件，采用网格错位法满足辐射条件．以Wigley数学船型为例进行计算，通过改变航速和航道宽度参数，得到相应的兴波阻力．通过分析不同航速下航道宽度变化对兴波阻力的影响，得到了一些有意义的结论．     

一种低桩宽承台卸荷板式海堤在限制环境下的应用

海滨城市建设海堤经常受相邻桥隧的影响,建设条件受到各种限制,传统的大型土石方海堤已无法满足要求。因此,提出一种低桩宽承台卸荷板式海堤,该结构能适应打桩设备小、施工作业面狭窄、地质条件差且不能换填、地面荷载大及防腐要求高等不利条件。采用MIDAS/GTS NX软件对结构进行三维数值模拟计算,并现场监测收集变形数据,结果表明,该结构具有桩基弯矩小、水平位移小、整体稳定性好等优点。     

城市公路客运站选址与班线分配方法研究

以旅客出行的时间消耗降最低为目标,兼顾客运站的建设成本和经营效益,建立公路客运站的选址与班线分配模型。通过遗传算法求解,并请专家对最好的几组计算结果予以评估和修正,得到客运站的最优选址和班线分配方案。