The β-amyloid protein induces S100β expression in rat hippocampus through a mechanism that involves IL-1

Objective To explore the effect of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) on S100β expression in rat hippocampus and its mechanisms. Methods At 7 days after bilateral stereotaxis injection of different dose of fibrillar Aβ 25-35 and interluekin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) into the rat CA1 region, the learning and memory abilities of rats were tested with passive avoidance task. Amyloid deposition was detected by using Congo red staining technique. Nissl staining and immunohistochemical techniques were used to analyze the number of neurons, and GFAP and the S100β expression in hippocampal CA1 region , respectively. Results After fibrillar Aβ injection, the step-through latency of rats was significantly shortened compared to that of the control group. The GFAP positive astrocytes were found surrounding amyloid deposition. Neuronal loss occurred in the pyramidal cell layer of CA1 region. The number of S100β positive cells in Aβ-treated group was significantly increased compared with that in the control group. After IL-1ra injection, the number of S100β positive cells was significantly decreased. Conclusion Intrahippocampal injection of Aβ 25-35 could cause similar pathologic changes of Alzheimer's disease. Aβ 25-35 was capable of up-regulating S100β expression in a dose-dependent manner. The injection of IL-1ra could attenuate the effect of Aβ on S100β expression.     

重组人BDNF对Alzheimer病模型神经元作用的实验研究

目的　探讨重组人脑源性神经营养因子 (rhBDNF)对正常原代培养海马神经元及Alzheimer病 (AD)模型海马神经元的作用。方法　预先加入rhBDNF并将 2 0 μmol·L-1的Aβ2 5～ 3 5作用于培养的海马神经元 ,进行形态学观察、胆碱酯酶 (ACHE)组织化学染色、激光共聚焦显微镜及MTT自动比色微量分析。结果　实验对照组海马神经元存活率降至 5 9.5 % ,与空白对照组有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。rhBDNF实验组海马神经元存活率达到 65 .7%～ 72 .6% ,各实验组与实验对照组有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,且 5 0ng·mL-1为rhBDNF最适浓度。实验组胆碱能神经元数量增多 ,胞体直径及突起长度较对照组明显增大 ,其 [Ca2 +]i 相对稳定。结论　rhBDNF对正常培养海马神经元有营养作用 ,能延长细胞生存时间 ;对AD模型海马神经元有保护作用 ,显著降低细胞死亡率 ,抑制了Aβ对神经元的毒性 ,有助于AD的防治     

女性阿尔茨海默病与雌激素水平的关系

目的分析女性阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者血清雌激素水平改变以及雌激素水平、初潮年龄、绝经年龄与AD严重程度的关系。方法采用1∶1病例配对的研究方法,通过问卷调查对全部研究对象进行MMSE、ADL、POD、FOM、WISE、HMT抑郁量表等测验;调查研究对象的初潮年龄、绝经年龄、怀孕次数等;用放射免疫法测定血清性激素水平。结果AD组雌二醇(E2)水平明显低于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05);AD组血清E2水平与痴呆严重程度和MMSE分值呈正相关(P<0.05);AD组初潮年龄明显大于对照组,绝经年龄明显早于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05);怀孕次数两组间比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),但AD组仍少于对照组。结论女性AD患者雌激素水平降低,雌激素缺乏可能是女性AD的危险因素之一。     

EFFECTS OF DIPSACUS ASPER AND VITAMIN E ON THE SS NEURONS IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION OF RAT MODELS OF ALZHEIMER‘S DISEASE

Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ (ＡＤ)ｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｃｏｍｍｏｎｄｅｍｅｎｔｉａｉｎｔｈｅｓｅｎｉｏｒ ,ａｎｄｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏｃｕｒｅｏｒｅｆｆｅｃ ｔｉｖｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ .ＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｅｔｉｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＡｌｚｈｅｉ ｍｅｒ’ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅｉｓｎｏｔｆｕｌｌｙｕｎｄｅｒｓｔｏｏｄ ,ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｎｇｅｖｉｄｅｎｃｅｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｍａｔｏｓｔａｔｉｎ (ＳＳ)ａｎｄｔｈｅＳＳｎｅｕｒｏｎｓｉｎｔｈ…     

融合基因Aβ-HBcAg的原核表达及表达蛋白的免疫反应性和免疫原性分析

目的　研究 β 淀粉样肽 (β amyloidpeptide,Aβ)与乙型肝炎核心抗原 (HBcAg)融合基因Aβ HBcAg的原核表达 ,检测融合蛋白的免疫反应性及免疫原性。方法　将重组质粒pBV2 2 0 /Aβ HBcAg转化大肠杆菌DH5α,温控表达 ,超声破碎细菌 ,通过SDS PAGE、考马斯亮蓝染色和ELISA等方法 ,观察Aβ HBcAg的表达及融合蛋白的免疫反应性 ;用融合蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠 ,ELISA法检测血清中的抗 Aβ抗体和抗 HBc抗体滴度。结果　融合蛋白以包涵体的形式存在于沉淀中 ,表达量为菌体沉淀的 5 % ,融合蛋白既有Aβ的免疫反应性 ,又有HBcAg的免疫反应性。Balb/c小鼠经过 3次免疫后 ,血清中的抗体滴度很低 ,继续强化免疫 2次后 ,血清中抗 Aβ抗体滴度、抗 HBc抗体滴度分别上升为 1∶80 0和1∶32 0 0。结论　融合基因Aβ HBcAg可在大肠杆菌DH5α中表达 ,表达蛋白有一定的免疫反应性和免疫原性 ,但表达量较低 ,免疫反应性和免疫原性较弱。提示融合基因Aβ HBcAg的表达量和融合蛋白免疫原性的提高尚需进一步研究。     

Eukaryotic expression and biological activity analysis of neuroprotective peptide [Gly14]-Humanin

Objective To investigate the expression of neuroprotective peptide [Gly14]-Humanin (HNG) in eukaryotic cells by gene engineering technique and analyze its biological activity. Methods By means of asymmetrical primer/template, double stranded cDNA of HNG with FLAG in its C-terminal was obtained, which was cloned into the plasmid pcDNA3.1(-), and the resultant recombinant vector pcDNA3.1(-)/HNG-FLAG was transfected into PC12 cells. At the same time, the recombinant vector pcDNA3.1(-)/EGFP was transfected to control the efficiency of transfection. The expression of HNG in the cells was determined by immunocytochemistry. In order to analyze the biological activity of the expressed HNG, 25μM Aβ25-35 peptide was added to the culture medium of the transfected cells for 24h, then cell morphology, MTT assay and Hoechst 33258 staining were observed. Results The eukaryotic expression vector of pcDNA3.1(-)/HNG-FLAG was identified by enzyme digestion and sequencing. HNG was highly expressed in PC12 cells. After exposure of PC12 cells to 25μM Aβ25-35 for 24h, cell viability decreased to (65.8±5.3)%, and the dystrophic changes of neuritis and nuclei condensation were obvious. When cells were pre-transfected with pcDNA3.1(-)/HNG-FLAG, Aβ25-35-induced cell death and morphological changes of cells and nuclei were suppressed. In contrast, pre-transfected with empty vector did not protect cells from Aβ25-35-induced toxicity. Conclusion The eukaryotic expression vector for FLAG-tagged HNG was successfully constructed and expressed in PC12 cells. Expressed HNG has biological activity.     

THE PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF THE TOTAL SAPONIN OF DIPSACUS ASPEROIDES ON THE APOPTOSIS OF HIPPOCAMPAL NEURONS INDUCED BY β-AMYLOID PROTEIN

Objective To investigate the effects of the total saponin of Dipsacus asperoides (tSDA) and ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) on the apoptosis of primary cultured hippocampal neurons induced by β-amyloid protein (Aβ). Methods Primary cultured hippocampal neurons, the cultures were pretreated with tSDA and GRb1 on 10d for 24 hours respectively. Then the cultures were treated with 35μmol·L-1 Aβ25-35 for 24 hours, observed the changing of survival rate of neurons and the apoptosis of neurons with biochemical analysis combining immunofluorescent cytochemical double-staining technique. Results Hippocampal neurons were treated with 35μmol*L-1 Aβ for 24 hours, and survival rate of neurons downed to 52.6%. When neurons were pretreated by tSDA and GRb1, survival rate of neurons increased 11% to 15%. The findings of immunofluorescent cytochemical double-staining indicated that apoptotic neurons were obviously more than that of the blank group, reaching 43.9%.When neurons were pretreated by tSDA and GRb1, apoptotic neurons were downed to 16.6%, 10.8% respectively. Conclusion tSDA had the same effects as GRb1, protecting the neurons, antagonizing neurotoxicity of Aβ, increasing survival rate of neurons, and reducing apoptotic neurons induced by Aβ.     

STUDY ON THE THERAPEUTIC EFFECTS OF GINSENOSIDE Rg-1 AND GASTRODINE ON AD MODEL RATS INDUCED BY β-AMYLOID PEPTIDE (25-35)

Objective To study the therapeutic effects of Ginsenoside Rg-1 and Gastrodine on rats model of Alzheimer's disease(AD). Methods Aggregated β-Amyloid peptide (25-35) was injected into the lateral ventricle of rats to establish AD models. Ginsenoside Rg-1, Gastrodine and Ginsenoside Rg-1+Gastrodine were intraperitoneally injected into rats of each test group(Ginsenoside Rg-1∶10mg/kg·day; Gastrodine 100mg/kg·day) for 4 weeks, the rats of control group received equal volume of saline. Passive avoidance task and Morris maze test were done to assess the ability of learning and memory. The content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondiadehyde (MDA), total-antioxidative capability (T-AOC), Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in brain tissue were measured. Results Ginsenoside Rg-1 and Gastrodine significantly improved learning and memory deficits in the rats with AD induced by β-Amyloid peptide (25-35) (P<0.05). Ginsenoside Rg-1+Gastrodine group were better than Ginsenoside Rg-1 group and Gastrodine group (P<0.05). Ginsenoside Rg-1 reduced the increase of SOD, MDA, but inhibited the decrease of T-AOC, AchE and ChAT; Gastrodine reduced the increase of SOD, MDA, while inhibited the decrease of T-AOC. Gastrodine could also prevent the activity of ChAT and AchE decline in AD rats. Conclusion Both Ginsenoside Rg-1 and Gastrodine have therapeutic effects on rats with AD; Ginsenoside Rg-1 and Gastrodine injection at the same time were better than only using one of them. Their mechanisms might different. Ginsenoside Rg-1 can not only inhibit peroxidation but also increase the activity of AchE and ChAT in brain tissue, while Gastrodine can inhibit peroxidation only, but it can't prevent the decline of ChAT and AchE activity in AD rats.     

阿尔茨海默病患者性激素水平变化及其意义

目的　探讨阿尔茨海默病 (Alzheimerdisease,AD)患者血清性激素 ,特别是雌激素水平的变化及其意义。方法　AD患者组 2 7例 ,对照组 2 7例 ,采用 1∶1病例 对照研究 ,用放射免疫方法测定两组血清性激素的水平 ,并进行对比分析。结果　血清促卵泡生成素、促黄体生成素、泌乳素、孕酮、睾酮水平在两组间比较没有显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;AD组血清雌二醇水平明显低于对照组 ,二组相比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;血清雌二醇水平与AD患者痴呆的严重程度呈正相关。AD组随着血清雌二醇水平下降 ,MMSE分值亦下降 ,但无相关关系 (r=0 .5 9,P =0 .2 5 )。结论　雌激素水平降低可能是AD发病的危险因素之一     

加兰他敏对痴呆大鼠治疗机制的探讨

目的　观察加兰他敏对痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆功能及皮层、海马胆碱能神经元的影响 ,进而探讨胆碱酯酶抑制剂改善阿尔茨海默病 (AD)患者认知功能的作用机制。方法　将 β 淀粉样蛋白 (Aβ)注入Meynert核制作大鼠痴呆模型 ,并用加兰他敏进行干预。行为学方法测定各组大鼠学习记忆功能 ,免疫组织化学方法测定各组大鼠脑组织胆碱乙酰转移酶 (ChAT)的变化。结果　加兰他敏可明显提高痴呆模型大鼠在行为学测试中的成绩 ,使皮层、海马ChAT免疫阳性神经元数目增多。结论　加兰他敏可明显改善痴呆大鼠学习记忆能力 ,提高大鼠脑内胆碱能神经元存活能力可能是其重要的作用机制之一