Using repeated cross-sectional travel surveys to enhance forecasting robustness: Accounting for changing mode preferences

Transportation system capacity and performance, urban form and socio-demographics define the influences and constraints conditioning the preferences of urban residents for different transport modes. Changes in characteristics of urban areas are likely to lead to changes in preferences for alternative modes of transport over time; as a consequence, statistical models to forecast mode choice need to be sensitive to both purposeful changes to urban systems as well as exogenous shocks. We make use of the 1996, 2001 and 2006 household surveys conducted in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area to study mode preference evolution and model forecasting performance. These repeated cross-sectional household surveys provide an opportunity to investigate aggregate structural changes in commuting mode preferences over time, in a manner sensitive to changes in the urban area. We focus on commuting mode choices because these trips are prime determinants of peak period congestion and peak spreading. We then address how to combine the three cross-sections econometrically in a robust way that allows for use of a single mode choice model across the entire period. Using independent data from 2012, we are able to compare the individual year and combined models in terms of forecasting performance to demonstrate the combined model’s more robust forecasting performance into the future.     

语境在言语交际中对信息传递的影响

语境是言语交际理论中的一个基本概念，言语交际是一个认知过程，其交际的效果与言语主体对语境因素的认知程度有关。语境在交际中对言语信息传递起重要作用。本文对言语交际过程中常见的语境进行总结归类，并分析了语境对话语信息传递的影响，为合理利用语境使话语信息传递准确、畅通提供理论帮助。     

Adopting Context Mediation in Information Integration to Resolve Semantic Heterogeneity in Distributed Environment

Ontology-based semantic information integration resolve the schema-level heterogeneity and part of data level heterogeneity between distributed data sources. But it is ubiquitous that schema semantics of information is identical while the interpretation of it varies with different context, and ontology-based semantic information integration can not resolve this context heterogeneity. By introducing context representation and context mediation to ontology based information integration, the attribute-level context heterogeneity can be detected and reconciled automatically, and hence a complete solution for semantic heterogeneity is formed. Through a concrete example, the context representation and the process in which the attribute-level context heterogeneity is reconciled during query processing are presented. This resolution can make up the deficiency of schema mapping based semantic information integration. With the architecture proposed in this paper the semantic heterogeneity solution is adaptive and extensive.     

语境理论在大学英语阅读教学中的应用

语言的使用离不开语境,语境制约着语言单位的选择、意义的表达和理解。本文从语境的定义和分类入手,探讨了语境在篇章解读中的作用及在大学英语阅读教学中的应用。     

系统功能语言学语境论下的汉英翻译分析

语境是系统功能语言学里面的一个重要概念,语境论下语言的意思表示有言内之意与言外之意两种。语境论的核心是探索有效理解原语作者真实意思的途径并为翻译服务。按照系统功能语言学对语境的分类,分别从语言的上下文语境、情景语境和文化语境等三个方面介绍了语境论之于翻译的作用,并试图寻找有效的翻译策略。     

Do social norms regarding carbon offsetting affect individual preferences towards this policy? Results from a stated choice experiment

This study investigates the idea that people’s willingness to offset flight-related carbon emissions is a function of the collective participation rate, which can be regarded as a social norm, towards carbon offsetting. Additionally, we reveal people’s preferences toward two other environmental policies; a baggage allowance and airline eco-efficiency index. A discrete choice experiment is designed and administrated among a sample of air travelers. The results indicate that carbon offsetting generates utility, with people gaining more utility when the collective participation rate is high. Additionally, it was found that the baggage allowance and the eco-efficiency index strongly influenced respondents’ airline choices. People also became more sensitivity towards a baggage allowance and the eco-efficiency label, when the collective offsetting rate was high.     

语境和语篇衔接理论在Pretco听力测试中的应用

Precto中的听力测试不仅考查语音、词汇和语法等传统知识点,还从语用学角度测试学生运用语境、语篇衔接理论推测时间、地点、职业关系等。     

论语境理论对大学英语阅读教学的启示

本文简要阐述语境的内涵及分类,着重分析语境在阅读理解中的作用,以及探讨语境理论对大学英语阅读教学的启示。     

The effects of social networks on choice set dynamics: Results of numerical simulations using an agent-based approach

Activity-based analysis has slowly shifted gear from the analysis of daily activity patterns to the analysis and modeling of dynamic activity-travel patterns. In this paper, we address one type of dynamics: the formation and adaptation of location choice sets under influence of dyad relationships within social networks. It extends the dynamic model developed in earlier work, which simulates habitual behavior versus exploitation and exploration as a function of discrepancies between dynamic, context-dependent aspiration levels and expected outcomes. Principles of social comparison and knowledge transfer are used in modeling the impact of social networks through information exchange, adaptations of spatial choice sets and formation of common aspiration levels. We demonstrate model properties using numerical simulation with a case study of shopping activities.     

利用语境理论进行英语阅读教学的探索

针对认知语言学研究领域中的语境理论在英语阅读理解中的作用,本文介绍了语境理论,着重分析了语境和阅读理解,探讨了语境理论在英语阅读教学中的实际应用。