Towards a generic benchmarking platform for origin–destination flows estimation/updating algorithms: Design,demonstration and validation

Estimation/updating of Origin–Destination (OD) flows and other traffic state parameters is a classical, widely adopted procedure in transport engineering, both in off-line and in on-line contexts. Notwithstanding numerous approaches proposed in the literature, there is still room for considerable improvements, also leveraging the unprecedented opportunity offered by information and communication technologies and big data. A key issue relates to the unobservability of OD flows in real networks – except from closed highway systems – thus leading to inherent difficulties in measuring performance of OD flows estimation/updating methods and algorithms. Starting from these premises, the paper proposes a common evaluation and benchmarking framework, providing a synthetic test bed, which enables implementation and comparison of OD estimation/updating algorithms and methodologies under “standardized” conditions. The framework, implemented in a platform available to interested parties upon request, has been flexibly designed and allows comparing a variety of approaches under various settings and conditions. Specifically, the structure and the key features of the framework are presented, along with a detailed experimental design for the application of different dynamic OD flow estimation algorithms. By way of example, applications to both off-line/planning and on-line algorithms are presented, together with a demonstration of the extensibility of the presented framework to accommodate additional data sources.     

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介绍了美国联邦公路局（FHWA）支持的动态交通分配（DTA）研究项目的发展概况。FHWA启动DTA项目的目标是研发一套可实际应用的实时交通信息估计与预测系统(TrEPS)，其中提供的交通估计与预测信息可用于动态交通管理，以满足智能交通系统（ITS）的信息需要。讨论了DTA项目，ErEPS在FHWA的战略规划和美国国家ITS体系结构中的地位，ErEPS的用户，以及其研究、开发、实施概况；提出了在我国发展类似系统的一些建议，包括实现ErEPS原型的本地化、引入各向异性交通流模型及混合交通仿真法以改善TrEPS的性能等。     

镁合金AZ31的差热分析及凝固组织观察

利用差热分析(DTA)和在不同温度下加热-急冷,并结合金相组织观察的方法研究了AZ31镁合金的凝固相变温度及凝固组织变化特征.通过对AZ31镁合金DTA曲线的分析和不同温度下金相组织的比较、分析,确定了该合金的相变起始温度为430.1℃,共晶温度为438.5℃,固相线温度为614.4℃,液相线温度为636.4℃.同时,通过对不同温度下急冷试样的组织观察,分析了AZ31镁合金在凝固过程中的相变及组织演变特征,并确定了差热分析所得相变温度的准确性.     

基于DTA的OD估计方法的交通检测器优化布置模型研究

论文在探讨了动态交通分配和动态0D估计背景下的交通检测器优化问题的基础上，提出了基于DTA的动态OD估计方法的交通检测器布置原则；从预算，对路网中交通流量信息的覆盖程度，对关键路段的检测、对重复检测器的剔除等方面对路网交通检测方案进行约束，建立了交通检测器优化布置模型；最后将遗传算法用于交通检测器优化布置模型的求解，证明了基于DTA的动态0D估计方法的交通检测器优化布置模型的有效性。论文方法概念清楚、操作简单，是交通检测器优化布置的一种可行方法。     

Some features of non-linear travel time models for dynamic traffic assignment

Abstract

This paper investigates some features of non-linear travel time models for dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) that adopt traffic on the link as the sole determinant for the calculation of travel time and have explicit relationships between travel time and traffic on the link. Analytical proofs and numerical examples are provided to show first-in-first-out (FIFO) violation and the behaviour of decreasing outflow with increasing traffic in non-linear travel time models. It is analytically shown that any non-linear travel time model could violate FIFO in some circumstances, especially when inflow drops sharply, and some convex non-linear travel time models could show behaviour with outflow decreasing as traffic increases. It is also shown that the linear travel time model does not show these behaviours. A non-linear travel time model in general form was used for analytical proofs and several existing non-linear travel time models were adopted for numerical examples. Considering the features addressed in this study, non-linear travel time models seem to have limitations for use in DTA in practical terms and care should be taken when they are used for modelling time-varying transportation networks.     

Spillback congestion in dynamic traffic assignment: A macroscopic flow model with time-varying bottlenecks

In this paper, we propose a new model for the within-day Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA) on road networks where the simulation of queue spillovers is explicitly addressed, and a user equilibrium is expressed as a fixed-point problem in terms of arc flow temporal profiles, i.e., in the infinite dimension space of time’s functions. The model integrates spillback congestion into an existing formulation of the DTA based on continuous-time variables and implicit path enumeration, which is capable of explicitly representing the formation and dispersion of vehicle queues on road links, but allows them to exceed the arc length. The propagation of congestion among adjacent arcs will be achieved through the introduction of time-varying exit and entry capacities that limit the inflow on downstream arcs in such a way that their storage capacities are never exceeded. Determining the temporal profile of these capacity constraints requires solving a system of spatially non-separable macroscopic flow models on the supply side of the DTA based on the theory of kinematic waves, which describe the dynamic of the spillback phenomenon and yield consistent network performances for given arc flows. We also devise a numerical solution algorithm of the proposed continuous-time formulation allowing for “long time intervals” of several minutes, and give an empirical evidence of its convergence. Finally, we carry out a thorough experimentation in order to estimate the relevance of spillback modeling in the context of the DTA, compare the proposed model in terms of effectiveness with the Cell Transmission Model, and assess the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and its applicability to real instances with large networks.     

镁合金AZ31的差热分析及凝固组织观察

利用差热分析（DTA）和在不同温度下加热-急冷,并结合金相组织观察的方法研究了AZ31镁合金的凝固相变温度及凝固组织变化特征．通过对AZ31镁合金DTA曲线的分析和不同温度下金相组织的比较、分析,确定了该合金的相变起始温度为430．1℃,共晶温度为438．5℃,固相线温度为614．4℃,液相线温度为636．4℃．同时,通过对不同温度下急冷试样的组织观察,分析了AZ31镁合金在凝固过程中的相变及组织演变特征,并确定了差热分析所得相变温度的准确性．