Impacts of motor vehicle operation on water quality in the US – Cleanup costs and policies

This paper investigates the costs of controlling some of the environmental impacts of motor vehicle transportation on groundwater and on surface waters. We estimate that annualized costs of cleaning-up leaking underground storage tanks range from $0.8 billion to $2.1 billion per year over 10 years. Annualized costs of controlling highway runoff from principal arterials in the US are much larger: they range from $2.9 billion to $15.6 billion per year over 20 years (1.6–8.3% of annualized highway transportation expenditures). Some causes of non-point source pollution were unintentionally created by regulations or could be addressed by simple design changes of motor vehicles. A review of applicable measures suggests that effective policies should combine economic incentives, information campaigns, and enforcement, coupled with preventive environmental measures. In general, preventing water pollution from motor vehicles would be much cheaper than cleaning it up.     

铁路客站电气设备谐波分析与治理

随着铁路客站的大规模建设,客站内采用了大量的电气设备,在运行过程中产生的谐波会影响电网的运行质量和电气设备安全运行。为消除这种谐波影响,对客站内主要谐波源及产生谐波的机理进行分析,提出采用无源滤波和有源滤波装置消除谐波影响的治理方案,经在哈尔滨西客站使用,取得了良好的效果。     

铁路综合视频监控系统的初步规划构想

充分分析铁路行业各专业对视频监控系统的需求,同时讨论了整合兼容既有视频监控系统的可行方案,并以此为基础,阐述建设铁路综合视频监控系统的初步设计构想。该构想基本满足目前调查的各运用专业的需求,同时充分考虑了整合既有视频监控系统资源,规划构想广域性多层次的综合视频监控系统。     

TDJ2006分体活塞减速顶的研制及应用

介绍TDJ2006分体活塞减速顶的研制及试验过程,详述了该顶的具体结构设计。通过对该顶的结构特点及产品特性的阐述,说明了该顶是一种非常适合于我国重载运输发展要求的编组站调速设备。同时对该顶近两年来在国内外的使用推广情况进行了简单介绍。     

高速列车宽带无线上网方案比较及电气安装要求

针对高速列车无法宽带无线上网的问题,分析比较了3种不同的解决方案和各自对电气安装的要求。车外语音加车内无线局域网,直放站配合无线局域网和微蜂窝RRU拉远这3种方案都能提供高速列车宽带无线上网。但是它们技术方案不同,导致成本、性能、布线难度不一样。可以根据工程要求选择不同的改造方案。     

Prediction of wheel wear in urban railway transport: comparison of existing models

One of the most important maintenance costs in tramway transport comes from wear of wheel profiles. In the highly competitive railway market, the prediction of wear is then a major concern of the constructors. In this article, we present and compare four models well adapted to tramway conditions, involving contacts on the rolling tread and on the flange with very different sliding and pressure conditions. Moreover, all models can be implemented from the natural outputs of the railway simulation packages classically used in industry for the dynamics design of the vehicles. The first one, proposed by Jendel, is based on the well-known Archard's wear model. Enblom continues Jendel's approach by taking into account the contribution of wheel deformation on the sliding velocity. The last two models, developed by Zobory, and Pearce and Sherratt, determine the wear from the energy dissipation in the contact area. The models are first compared on a theoretical basis and, for that purpose, are rewritten in a common form. Two cases are distinguished: mild wear as arising on the rolling tread and severe wear as arising on the flange. The models are also compared in the practical case of an urban transport vehicle running on circular tracks with different curve radii. Although the models show equivalent trends according to the theoretical study, important discrepancies appear between estimated wear depths. All models are actually dependent on experimental coefficients and it is likely that they were estimated in different conditions. On the other hand, a reasonable agreement can be found in some particular conditions. As an example, Zobory's, Enblom's and Jendel's models are very close to each other in severe wear conditions. This work shows that a general and reliable model could probably be developed from all positive aspects of the existing ones.     

混凝土收缩对空心墩墩顶实体段的应力影响研究

为分析混凝土收缩荷载对空心墩墩顶实体段应力的影响,以某单线铁路空心墩为例,对墩顶实体段进行结构有限元建模分析。分析表明:仅考虑竖向荷载(含动力系数)时,最大拉、压应力出现在顺桥向;考虑混凝土收缩荷载后,最大拉、压应力出现在横桥向,且拉应力数值增加明显,尤其是横桥向拉应力增加2~3倍,混凝土收缩荷载对墩顶实体段应力影响很大,设计配筋时应予以考虑。     

PC简支梁铁路桥墩身动力响应的特解边界元分析

根据特解边界元理论,建立动态响应数值分析方法,编制相应的动力分析程序,计算PC简支梁桥墩顶纵向位移、速度和加速度时程,详细分析其动态变化过程;采用有限元分析方法,选择8节点块单元模拟墩身,并与特解边界元的计算结果进行对比。结果表明:两者具有较好的一致性,说明采用特解边界元的数值处理方法和所构造的边界元计算墩身动力响应是正确的。由于边界单元法只在边界上剖分单元,通过基本解把域内未知量化为边界未知量求解,自由度数目大大减少,计算效率较高。     

铁路隧道震害评估中标度法及权重值的确定研究

基于层次分析法原理,建立了铁路隧道结构构造和常见震害形式的层次模型,通过采用1-9标度法、9/9-9/1分数标度法、10/10-18/2分数标度法、20/2~28/2指数标度法、90/8~98/8指数标度法等5种方法分别构建判断矩阵,借助Matlab软件求最大特征值λmax后,运用计算一致性指标(CI)和平均随机一致性指标(RI),得出计算一致性比例CR指标值,对5种常用权重值计算方法的适用性进行检验。研究表明:在铁路隧道地震灾害损失定量评估时,采用9/9~9/1分数标度法计算权重值较为快速、准确、合理、便捷,可作为铁路隧道灾害定量损失评估权重值的计算依据。     

高地应力软岩隧道围岩压力及二衬受力特征研究

为研究高地应力条件下软岩隧道围岩压力作用规律及二衬受力特征,依托兰新铁路第二双线大梁隧道,分别对隧道围岩与初期支护、初期支护与二次衬砌之间的接触压力进行现场监测,得出上述压力随时间变化规律和沿隧道横断面分布特征,基于实测围岩压力对隧道二次衬砌结构内力进行计算。研究结果表明:初支围岩压力和初支与二衬接触压力随时间发展呈不同变化规律;围岩压力在空间分布上表现出"两侧大、拱顶小"的侧向挤压特征;二次衬砌围岩压力分担比例平均值在45.0%~70.3%;实测围岩压力较规范围岩压力计算出的二衬内力更符合实际。