降雨条件下道路边坡地下水渗流分析

降雨是影响道路边坡稳定的主要因素之一,根据岩土饱和-非饱和渗流理论,考虑降雨入渗的影响,利用有限元方法,对强降雨条件下公路边坡地下水渗流场动态进行了数值模拟,得到了降雨过程中边坡地下水压力水头、总水头变化、流速的变化规律,研究结果为道路边坡的稳定性分析和滑坡预测提供重要的分析数据。     

Gas transfer velocities of CO2 and CH4 in a tropical reservoir and its river downstream

We have measured simultaneously the methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) surface concentrations and water–air fluxes by floating chambers (FC) in the Petit-Saut Reservoir (French Guiana) and its tidal river (Sinnamary River) downstream of the dam, during the two field experiments in wet (May 2003) and dry season (December 2003). The eddy covariance (EC) technique was also used for CO₂ fluxes on the lake. The comparison of fluxes obtained by FC and EC showed little discrepancies mainly due to differences in measurements durations which resulted in different average wind speeds. When comparing the gas transfer velocity (k₆₀₀) for a given wind speed, both methods gave similar results. On the lake and excluding rainy events, we obtained an exponential relationship between k₆₀₀ and U₁₀, with a significant intercept at 1.7 cm h^− 1, probably due to thermal effects. Gas transfer velocity was also positively related to rainfall rates reaching 26.5 cm h⁻¹ for a rainfall rate of 36 mm h^− 1. During a 24-h experiment in dry season, rainfall accounted for as much as 25% of the k₆₀₀. In the river downstream of the dam, k₆₀₀ values were 3 to 4 times higher than on the lake, and followed a linear relationship with U₁₀.     

降雨对高速公路行车安全的影响及对策

雨天交通事故在高速公路事故中占有很大的比例。文章主要分析降雨形成路面水膜、降雨量对水膜厚度的影响以及水膜对轮胎与路面接触的影响。通过分析降雨对高速公路行车影响提出相应对策,提高行车的安全性。     

A study on seepage field in subgrade slope subjected to various rainfall patternsEI北大核心

Research purposes: Rainfall is one of the most important factors for subgrade slope failure, and rainfall patter is one of the most primary influence parameters. Based on the two-dimensional saturated-unsaturated seepage theory, numerical analyses are conducted to investigate the change rules of seepage field in subgrade slope subjected to rainfalls with four different patterns, i.e. delayed, uniform, central and advanced rainfall patterns. Research conclusions: (1) Both the maximum pore-water pressure umax and the maximum saturated depth Hsmax at shoulder are affected by rainfall intensity and rainfall duration observably. (2) There is a sensitive range of coefficient of permeability influencing on the maximum saturated depth, only within the sensitive range increasing coefficient of permeability could reduce Hsmax and subgrade surface pore-water pressure effectively. (3) Under central and advanced rainfall patterns, the most dangerous time stage of slope stability is obvious affected by coefficient of permeability, within the sensitive range and the less side outside the sensitive range, the starting point of the most dangerous time stage is not affected by coefficient of permeability, but the end time is advanced with coefficient of permeability increasing. (4) The stability of subgrade slope is the best under advanced rainfall pattern and the worst under delayed rainfall pattern. (5) The research results can provide basis and reference for slope protection and reinforcement design.     

环境因素作用下既有线铁路边坡失稳分析及治理技术

应用GEO软件通过数值模拟方法研究地下水、降雨以及地震等环境因素对边坡稳定性的影响,结果表明:当地下水位在滑移面以下时,孔隙水压力和渗透力对边坡稳定性的影响较小,反之则影响较大;随着降雨强度的增加,边坡水平及竖向有效应力呈减小趋势,降雨强度、降雨持续时间的增加导致边坡稳定性降低;当降雨强度小于土壤的入渗能力,降雨完全入渗时,边坡的稳定安全系数主要受降雨强度的影响;地震作用下产生的超孔隙水压力引起边坡的有效应力明显减少,在地下水位较高时减少幅度可达到50%。基于模拟分析结果,针对路基边坡失稳多发的问题,对边坡治理技术及其适用性进行了系统总结分析。     

普速铁路雨量监测系统工程设计方案研究

分析普速铁路雨量监测系统的现状及其存在的问题,从工程设计的角度,提出普速铁路雨量监测系统的总体架构、系统功能、系统设置及设备配置、监测信息传输及网络设置、系统供电等方案,可作为今后普速铁路雨量监测系统设计及建设的参考。     

Late Holocene history of the rainfall in the NW Iberian peninsula—Evidence from a marine record

This study reconstructs climatic variability over the last 4700 yr in the NW Iberian Peninsula on the basis of lithological, sedimentological, biogeochemical, micropaleontological (diatoms and biosiliceous compounds) and AMS ¹⁴C analyses conducted in a gravity core retrieved from the Galician continental shelf. The core was recovered at the Galicia Mud Patch, a muddy sedimentary body highly influenced by the terrestrial supply of the Miño and Douro rivers, and thus controlled by the rainfall variations over the catchment area. River plume transports the lithogenic and continental-derived compounds to the shelf area allowing us to recognize several periods of terrestrial/marine influence. These periods are well correlated with the lithological units identified. Coarser sediments, high values of Ca/Al, low values of Fe, Al and lithogenic Si (LSi) are representative of the marine-influenced periods. These stages are related to dry conditions and winds coming from the NE under a NAO positive-like phase.Terrestrial-influenced stages are characterized by muddy sediments, with high content of Fe, Al and LSi, freshwater and benthic diatoms, continental-derived organisms (crysophycean cysts and phytoliths) and high amount of land-derived organic matter as reported by the C/N ratios. The influence of NAO positive- and NAO negative-like periods and solar activity are the two mechanisms quoted to explain the climatic variability during the last 4700 years.Proxies for the lithogenic input and terrigenous content (non-organic material) show an increase at around 2000–1800 cal. yr BP, linked to the warmer conditions and high precipitation patterns during the Roman Warm Period, and soil erosion due to forest degradation and other anthropic activities. A strong river flow event is recorded in shelf sediments during 800–500 cal. yr BP. A pervasive NAO negative-like period, and the high irradiance registered during the Grand Solar Maximum (GSM) controlled the precipitation and induced a high run-off and riverine influx during this event.     

降雨条件下非饱和土质公路边坡稳定性分析

基于降雨入渗对边坡稳定性影响机理的分析,采用SLOPE/W软件和SEEP/W软件,模拟了降雨强度为50mm/h和80 mm/h条件下边坡土体渗流场的变化。算例分析表明:相同降雨强度条件下,边坡土体孔隙水压力随着降雨时间的推移而逐渐增大。相同降雨历时条件下,降雨强度越大边坡内的饱和区域越大,孔隙水压力也越大;降雨持续时间对边坡稳定的影响程度与降雨强度大小有关。     

基于雨流计数法及Corten-Dolan准则的轴承疲劳寿命预测

船舶轴承是船舶推进系统中的重要支撑部件,其稳定可靠的工作状态是推进轴系健康服役的重要保障。由于轴承的破坏形式主要为材料疲劳磨损引发的故障失效,故开展船舶轴承的疲劳磨损状态研究就显得尤为重要。本文针对轴承结构疲劳损伤问题,通过MATLAB软件实现雨流计数法原理的计算机语言编写,研究了四点雨流计数法对船舶轴承危险节点的动态应力分析应用,并提取出对应的循环应力载荷谱。考虑平均应力的影响,运用Gerber曲线对统计得到的循环载荷进行等寿命转化。最终利用轴承材料S-N曲线,结合Corten Dolan准则进行疲劳寿命预测计算,得出船舶轴承在相应外部循环载荷作用下的最终寿命。为轴承的设计和优化提供了理论参考依据,对船舶轴系运行管理具有重要的现实意义。     

诸永高速公路填方路堤边坡的渗流稳定性分析

提出饱和与不饱和土渗流(SUSS)法,并结合有限元法,分析强降雨条件下公路填方路堤边坡的渗流稳定性。同时考虑国外经验式的水分渗透特性曲线,确定由外力因素引起的填方路堤内部的水位湿润线分布曲线。工程实例计算采用了诸永高速公路的标准横断面,分析和评定公路填方路堤的渗流稳定性。