Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

考虑高铁客运产品间交叉弹性的动态票价策略

将由特定高铁列车所提供的起讫点间的旅客运输服务定义为单个高铁客运产品。随着高速铁路越来越"公交化",同一起讫点间客运产品间的可替代性越来越强,票价的调整有了更精细化的要求。用经济学中的交叉弹性理论描述客运产品间的可替代程度,用指数需求函数描述客运产品的需求与票价的关系,构建并求解高铁动态票价优化模型,对客运产品间不同可替代程度下的最优动态票价策略进行研究。结果显示:高铁客运产品间的可替代性会影响票价策略的选择,且客运产品间可替代程度的增加是否有利于客票收益的提高与可行折扣票价集合的选取有关。     

多模式交通环境下上海居民职住选择行为

随着城市尺度不断扩张,由职住分离带来的长距离、长时间通勤交通问题日益严重。为研究多模式交通环境上海居民职住位置选择行为及其影响因素,基于网络问卷调查数据、上海市路网数据及房价数据,构建方式选择与目的地选择联合模型,按照选择次序,分析各出行方式的服务水平和房价等变量对居住地和工作地的选择影响。结果表明,居民倾向于选择通勤距离近、交通可达性良好、房价低和人文生活环境较好的小区工作生活,同时年长者和低收入群体对通勤距离和房价更敏感。     

从大莱龙铁路投标谈如何提高报价内涵质量

通过复核工程数量、合理计算运杂费和灵活编制补充单价,以及在认真检查计算过程中存在的问题等方面,简述提高报价内涵质量.     

高中速客专和高低速客货共线铁路不同坡段组合的动力学性能之比较研究

本文运用车辆-轨道耦合动力学新理论,仿真计算了列车以不同速度匹配通过不同类型纵断面时动力学性能的各项指标,并且根据现行铁道机车车辆动力学性能评定规范加以评价。结果表明:在本文设定的不同类型纵断面条件下,如单面坡划为多坡段或凹型坡加设分坡平段或凸型坡加设分坡平段,无论是高中速客车还是高低速客货混跑,采用新设计方案计算得到的指标略大于采用原设计方案得到的相应值,但差异不明显;所有方案下,除个别指标外,安全性指标均未超过合格限值,平稳性指标属优良等级。     

交直机车在低网压工况下的动力协调控制方法研究

针对电气化铁路的部分供电网随着运量的不断增长,其供电网压不断降低,严重时已影响机车的正常运行的情况,从优化机车牵引特性的角度提出了一种投资少、见效快的解决方案,并详细阐述其具体实现原理与实施策略。     

中低速磁浮轨排结构动力性能试验研究

测试了中低速磁浮轨排系统在列车通过时的动力响应,获得了轨排结构在动力荷载作用下的自振频率、动应力、位移动力系数以及螺栓力。结果表明：轨排结构的竖向振动一阶频率和二阶频率分别为9.088 Hz和17.614 Hz,横向振动的一阶频率和二阶频率分别为6.426 Hz和17.614 Hz;轨排结构的横向振动与竖向振动相耦联,但并非是扭转振动所致;导轨和轨枕的应力变化与车速关系不明显;在所测车速范围内,位移动力系数随着车速的增加呈增大趋势。     

大风低温高对流区超高墩0号梁段施工托架设计

针对大沙沟特大桥处于大风区、低温高对流区施工条件下对超高墩(高达106 m)0号梁段施工托架的设计进行研究分析,确保大沙沟特大桥在复杂施工条件下托架施工的安全性及解决0号梁段施工质量等诸项技术难题。     

高原低气压对道路工程混凝土性能的影响及原因

为研究高原低气压对道路工程混凝土性能的影响,在拉萨（气压约60 kPa）和北京（气压约100 kPa）两地采用相同配合比的道路混凝土分别进行性能对比试验,测试了混凝土含气量、坍落度、强度、NEL法氯离子渗透系数和单面盐冻耐久性等性能指标,进一步测定了引气剂溶液的泡沫体积、表面张力和硬化混凝土孔结构。试验结果表明：在低气压下,引气混凝土的含气量和坍落度分别比常压下降低8%~36%和4%~9%;抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度分别比常压下降低1.6%~14.8%和1.5%~10.8%;氯离子渗透系数比常压下增加29%~135%;可见低气压下其抗冻耐久性降低。在低气压下,引气剂溶液的表面张力比常压下增加3.0%~4.5%,溶液泡沫体积比常压下降低2%~14%,混凝土内的气体压缩系数比常压下减小,这些原因导致了低气压环境下施工的道路混凝土含气量降低,坍落度减小;与此同时,硬化混凝土平均气孔直径增大6%~18%,气泡间距系数增加45%~92%,最终使得低气压下混凝土强度、抗氯离子渗透性和抗冻耐久性降低。     

长沙南至机场中低速磁悬浮工程限界研究

为合理制定土建工程断面尺寸,保障行车安全,对长沙南至机场中低速磁悬浮工程限界设计进行深入研究。长沙南至机场中低速磁悬浮工程将限界划分为车辆限界、设备限界和建筑限界。从车辆、线路和轨道相关技术参数入手,详细阐述车辆限界、设备限界的计算因素和计算结果,并给出详尽的典型地段建筑限界图。长沙南至机场中低速磁悬浮工程已按期试运营,经实践检验,其限界设计安全、经济、合理,为后续同类工程提供强有力的技术支撑。