On the network connectivity of platoon-based vehicular cyber-physical systems

In the past few years, vehicular ad hoc networking (VANET) has attracted significant attention and many fundamental issues have been investigated, such as network connectivity, medium access control (MAC) mechanism, routing protocol, and quality of service (QoS). Nevertheless, most related work has been based on simplified assumptions on the underlying vehicle traffic dynamics, which has a tight interaction with VANET in practice. In this paper, we try to investigate VANET performance from the vehicular cyber-physical system (VCPS) perspective. Specifically, we consider VANET connectivity of platoon-based VCPSs where all vehicles drive in platoon-based patterns, which facilitate better traffic performance as well as information services. We first propose a novel architecture for platoon-based VCPSs, then we derive the vehicle distribution under platoon-based driving patterns on a highway. Based on the results, we further investigate inter-platoon connectivity in a bi-directional highway scenario and evaluate the expected time of safety message delivery among platoons, taking into account the effects of system parameters, such as traffic flow, velocity, platoon size and transmission range. Extensive simulations are conducted which validate the accuracy of our analysis. This study will be helpful to understand the behavior of VCPSs, and will be helpful to improve vehicle platoon design and deployment.     

A traffic congestion detection and information dissemination scheme for urban expressways using vehicular networks

The cooperative vehicle-infrastructure technologies have enabled vehicles to collect and exchange traffic information in real time. Therefore, it is possible to use Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) for detecting traffic congestion on urban expressways. However, because of the special topology of urban expressways (consisting of both major and auxiliary roadways), the existing traffic congestion detection methods using VANETs do not work very well. In addition, the existing dissemination methods of congestion information lack the necessary control mechanism, so the information may be disseminated to irrelevant geographical areas. This paper proposes a congestion detection and notification scheme using VANETs for urban expressways. The scheme adopts a simplified Doppler frequency shift method to estimate and differentiate traffic conditions for major and auxiliary roadways. Vehicular cooperation and human cognition are introduced to improve the estimation accuracy and to describe the overall traffic conditions. Additionally, the scheme develops a spatial–temporal effectiveness model based on the potential energy theory to control the dissemination area and survival time of the congestion information. Meanwhile, the proposed scheme uses several broadcast control mechanisms to alleviate vehicular network congestion. Simulations through TransModeler indicate that our scheme ensures the accuracy of the estimation of congestion degree. Consequently, the scheme can provide effective references for driving decision-making and path-planning.     

城市道路环境下的车载自组网分簇路由机制

车载自组网(VANET)是一种将高速移动车辆作为通信节点的Ad hoc网络,其网络拓扑结构变化迅速导致传统的Ad hoc路由技术并不适用。针对车辆节点在城市道路环境下的移动特点及分层结构给无线网络带来的易管理、易扩展等特性,提出了以公交车辆为簇头的VANET路由机制。该机制以公交车辆为簇头建立簇,其它车辆根据行驶速度和方向加入最优簇,在分簇的基础上运行路由协议。仿真实验结果表明:该机制在分组投递率和网络稳定性上均有改进。     

Methods using belief functions to manage imperfect information concerning events on the road in VANETs

Different models using belief functions are proposed and compared in this article to share and manage imperfect information about events on the road in vehicular networks. In an environment without infrastructure, the goal is to provide to driver the synthesis of the situation on the road from all acquired information. Different strategies are considered: discount or reinforce towards the absence of the event to take into account messages agings, keep the original messages or only the fusion results in vehicles databases, consider the world update, manage the spatiality of traffic jams by taking into account neighborhood. Methods are tested and compared using a Matlab™ simulator. Two strategies are introduced to tackle fog blankets spatiality; they are compared through an example.     

一种高动态交通场景下的协作接入协议

车辆自组织网络(Vehicular Ad Hoc Network, VANET)能够提高人们出行的安 全性和舒适性,成为学术界和工业界的研究热点.然而由于NET特殊的应用场景,如拓扑 高动态、节点高密度、信道质量的不稳定等特性,导致网络中数据的可靠性难以得到保证. 我们在传统自组织网络的研究成果基础上,提出了基于TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)的分布式协作MAC (Media Access Control)协议,称之为C-T-MAC(Cooperative TDMA MAC).C-T-MAC算法引入了协作通信的概念.源节点与目的节点传输失败后,选 定的协作节点选择网络中一个空闲的时隙向目的节点转发数据,完成协作通信过程.仿真 结果表明,C-T-MAC算法提高了网络的吞吐量和数据传输的可靠性.     

车联网信息技术高速公路预警与应急避险模型

为减少高速公路车辆追尾和连环追尾等事故,本文研究了车联网信息技术高速公路预警与避险模型.本文利用车联网系统,将交通事故快速预报给后方车辆,并实时分析路面车辆信息,帮助后方车辆及时做出合理应急方案和应急措施.试验证明,跟车预警模型能够及时提醒驾驶人员避免追尾,在无法避免正面碰撞时,应急避险模型能够根据路面状况做出有效判断,成功进行避险,避免连环追尾事故发生.公路试验中第3车减少制动距离9.2 m,第4车减少制动距离21.4 m,较大地缩减事故后续车辆行车制动距离,能够在密集的行车路段,有效降低连环追尾事故的发生,提高高速公路交通运输安全.     

Generic model for resource allocation in transportation. Application to urban parking management

In this paper, we define the online localized resource allocation problem, especially relevant for modeling transportation applications. The problem modeling takes into account simultaneously the geographical location of consumers and resources together with their online nondeterministic appearance. We use urban parking management as an illustration of this problem. In fact, urban parking management is an online localized resource allocation problem, where the question is how to find an efficient allocation of parking spots to drivers, while they all have dynamic geographical positions and appear nondeterministically. We define this problem and propose a multiagent system to solve it. The objective of the system is to decrease, for private vehicles drivers, the parking spots search time. The drivers are organized in communities and share information about spots availability. We have defined two cooperative models and compared them: a fully cooperative model, where agents share all the available information, and a “coopetitive” model, where drivers do not share information about the spot that they have chosen. Results show the superiority of the first model.     

车路协同条件下智能网联高速公路通行效率信息自适应分发协议:NRT-V2X

车路协同技术是解决自动驾驶中单车智能现存缺陷的关键技术。而智能网联高速公路的出现为车路协同技术真正应用于实际提供了良好的平台，其中，路侧单元（Road Side Unit，RSU）如何将路侧传感器信息或交通监控中心发布消息传递给路上车辆，是车路协同技术的一个关键环节。为此，提出一种基于V2V（Vehicle to Vehicle）和V2I（Vehicle to Infrastructure）融合的自适应数据分发协议（Adaptive Network and Road Traffic Data Dissemination for V2X，NRT-V2X）。NRT-V2X协议在影响通行效率事件的车流上游为RSU定义了一段服务区域（ROI，Region of Interest）。RSU通过感知服务区域中车辆的无线通信网络状况和路面交通状况来自适应调整其信息发送间隔，从而在保证ROI中车辆信息全覆盖的前提下，降低RSU发送信息开销，抑制ROI内车辆的接收信息冗余。基于创建的2个场景和2个车路协同应用，利用双向耦合车联网仿真平台进行性能评估。试验结果表明：采用NRT-V2X协议的车路协同技术可使高速公路的通行效率提高28%以上；与RSU固定发送间隔协议和典型V2X协议ATB相比，NRT-V2X的信息覆盖率稳定在100%，发送信息开销降低了至少30%，接收信息冗余下降了20%以上；NRT-V2X能够将智能网联高速公路通行效率相关信息高效地由RSU分发到其定义的ROI中的所有车辆，从而保证所有车辆预先接收到相关信息，选择最优行车路线，提高通行效率。     

车载自组织网络拓扑特性及控制

传统的车载自组织网络体系结构研究专注于通信协议及其拓扑,未从宏观角度揭示其网络本质.针对这种情况,提出基于复杂网络理论的车载自组织网络模型.首先介绍模型算法.然后采用平均场理论进行度分布分析,讨论模型特殊情况,判定度分布指数范围,计算度分布及度与次序之间的关系,以度分布满足幂率分布规律验证车载自组织网络的无标度特征.最后以网络状态方程为基础,导出被牵制控制到平衡点的网络状态方程,计算矩阵最大特征值和网络特征值,提出车辆自组织网络牵制控制策略.仿真结果表明,车载自组织网络度分布指数γ >2 ,网络若被牵制到平衡点 -X ,重点控制网络的最大特征值λ1 .     

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks sampling protocols for traffic monitoring and incident detection in Intelligent Transportation Systems

Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANETs) are an emerging technology soon to be brought to everyday life. Many Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) services that are nowadays performed with expensive infrastructure, like reliable traffic monitoring and car accident detection, can be enhanced and even entirely provided through this technology. In this paper, we propose and assess how to use VANETs for collecting vehicular traffic measurements. We provide two VANET sampling protocols, named SAME and TOME, and we design and implement an application for one of them, to perform real time incident detection. The proposed framework is validated through simulations of both vehicular micro-mobility and communications on the 68 km highway that surrounds Rome, Italy. Vehicular traffic is generated based on a large real GPS traces set measured on the same highway, involving about ten thousand vehicles over many days. We show that the sampling monitoring protocol, SAME, collects data in few seconds with relative errors less than 10%, whereas the exhaustive protocol TOME allows almost fully accurate estimates within few tens of seconds. We also investigate the effect of a limited deployment of the VANET technology on board of vehicles. Both traffic monitoring and incident detection are shown to still be feasible with just 50% of equipped vehicles.