Economic and ecological optimization of electric bus charging considering variable electricity prices and CO2eq intensities

In many cities, diesel buses are being replaced by electric buses with the aim of reducing local emissions and thus improving air quality. The protection of the environment and the health of the population is the highest priority of our society. For the transport companies that operate these buses, not only ecological issues but also economic issues are of great importance. Due to the high purchase costs of electric buses compared to conventional buses, operators are forced to use electric vehicles in a targeted manner in order to ensure amortization over the service life of the vehicles. A compromise between ecology and economy must be found in order to both protect the environment and ensure economical operation of the buses.In this study, we present a new methodology for optimizing the vehicles’ charging time as a function of the parameters CO_2eq emissions and electricity costs. Based on recorded driving profiles in daily bus operation, the energy demands of conventional and electric buses are calculated for the passenger transportation in the city of Aachen in 2017. Different charging scenarios are defined to analyze the influence of the temporal variability of CO_2eq intensity and electricity price on the environmental impact and economy of the bus. For every individual day of a year, charging periods with the lowest and highest costs and emissions are identified and recommendations for daily bus operation are made. To enable both the ecological and economical operation of the bus, the parameters of electricity price and CO₂ are weighted differently, and several charging periods are proposed, taking into account the priorities previously set. A sensitivity analysis is carried out to evaluate the influence of selected parameters and to derive recommendations for improving the ecological and economic balance of the battery-powered electric vehicle.In all scenarios, the optimization of the charging period results in energy cost savings of a maximum of 13.6% compared to charging at a fixed electricity price. The savings potential of CO_2eq emissions is similar, at 14.9%. From an economic point of view, charging between 2 a.m. and 4 a.m. results in the lowest energy costs on average. The CO_2eq intensity is also low in this period, but midday charging leads to the largest savings in CO_2eq emissions. From a life cycle perspective, the electric bus is not economically competitive with the conventional bus. However, from an ecological point of view, the electric bus saves on average 37.5% CO_2eq emissions over its service life compared to the diesel bus. The reduction potential is maximized if the electric vehicle exclusively consumes electricity from solar and wind power.     

新冠肺炎交通防控政策对长沙市人口流动的影响

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提高列车自动驾驶ATO(Automatic Train Operation)系统的控制精度是实现全程无人驾驶的关键.本文首先分析列车制动系统的动态性能,然后基于该制动系统的状态空间模型构建一种模型参考自适应控制系统,并在理论上证明该控制算法的渐近稳定性,同时指出该类控制算法存在引起控制器震荡的固有弊端.随后,通过在原自适应控制系统中引入合适的辅助系统,构建基于增广误差的自适应控制系统,该算法不仅克服了前一种方法的固有缺陷,而且具有更加严谨的理论结构.最后,数学仿真结果显示本文所提算法能有效补偿列车运行过程中存在的不确定性因素,使列车精确地追踪目标制动曲线,验证了本文所提方法的有效性.     

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在分析双电感半桥电路的基础上,提出了一种基于改进半桥拓扑结构的新型有源电力滤波器,它消除了传统有源滤波器拓扑的桥臂直通故障隐患,且具有可高频、高效率运行的优点。文章详细分析了其工作原理,给出了相应的控制策略。仿真和实验结果验证了这种新型有源滤波器的可行性。     

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阐述港铁公司在轨道交通领域的拓展情况和在拓展中所面临的机遇与风险,总结拓展策略的优势与劣势。结合国内城轨发展形势、政策走向,分析港铁公司的拓展对内地轨道交通运营商的影响。     

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互联网+和大数据技术的不断发展和进步让信息经济时代真正地到来了。伴随着电子商务从起步到发展,很多的电商运营平台也逐渐凸显出自己的价值和地位。与此同时,电子商务的营销模式也从传统的B2B、B2C模式向着O2O、C2B的方向发展。全地形车,是一种十分独特的车型,适用的范围和人群也具有特定性。为此,在新媒体的环境之下,如何进行全地形车的营销,如何能够为全地形车吸引到更多的受众群体,这正是本文所要探究的关键所在。为此,文章在对全地形车的基本内涵、主要分类进行阐述和分析以后,针对全地形车这一个特殊车型的营销模式的创新和进步,提出了一些见解和主张。     

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